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Ozone and Acid Deposition in GMS: What Do We Know?

Ozone and Acid Deposition in GMS: What Do We Know?. Kim Oanh N. T, EEM/AIT. BAQ06, Sub-workshop 2 “Impacts of Air pollution and Climate Change on Agriculture, Biodiversity, Food Security and Water Resources”, Dec. 13, 2006. Highlights. Air pollution emission sources Air pollution status

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Ozone and Acid Deposition in GMS: What Do We Know?

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  1. Ozone and Acid Deposition in GMS: What Do We Know? Kim Oanh N. T, EEM/AIT BAQ06, Sub-workshop 2 “Impacts of Air pollution and Climate Change on Agriculture, Biodiversity, Food Security and Water Resources”, Dec. 13, 2006

  2. Highlights • Air pollution emission sources • Air pollution status • Acid rain a trans-boundary issue • Emerging ground level ozone issue

  3. Sources of Air Pollution in Asian Developing Countries • Traffic: largest contribution to urban pollution • Stationary sources: coal-based, polluting SMI, limited emission control technology • Domestic and commercial fuel burning: solid fuels  indoor air pollution • Bio-mass and refuse open burning • Other significant sources: • Outdoor cooking, incense burning • Open markets, unpaved roads, etc.

  4. High emission: • Fast growth in vehicle number traffic congestion • Second hand and old vehicles • Fuel quality • Exhaust control devices (?)

  5. Asia energy consumption: 5.6billiontce (37% of world cons. in 2005) Fuel share in Asia: coal (43%), oil (35%) Asia’s coal consumption: 1985-1999 and projected to 2020 Source: Coal Energy (2000)

  6. Open burning

  7. a. PM2.5-dry season 400 upwind traffic* Mixed residential Industrial Commercial 350 3 300 250 200 Concentrations,ug/m 150 100 50 0 Bangkok Beijing Chennai Bandung Manila Hanoi PM2.5 High PM2.5 in Asian cities Biomass open burning contributes around 30% of PM2.5 mass in these cities Kim Oanh et al. (2006)

  8. Asian Emission Trends Increase Factors in Past and Future 1980-2000 2000-2020 NOx 2.5 1.4 SO2 1.9 1.2 NMVOC 1.9 2.0 CO 1.3 1.1 BC 1.3 1.1 OC 1.3 1.1 Akimoto, 2005 (cited by Rodhe, ABC school, 2006)

  9. Status of ozone and acid rain in GMS: what do we know? • Measurement data • Where? • How long the data series? • Data quality? • Modeling results • Accurate precursor emission data? • Other required inputs • Effects may be serious but not well studied

  10. Ozone monitoring stations in GMS

  11. O3 Pollution Trend in BMR Forest fire Statistics of hourly O3in BMR

  12. Modeled surface 1h ozone over CSEA, CMAQ-MM5 14:00 LST 27 Jan, 2004 14:00 LST 28 Jan, 2004 14:00 LST 26 Jan, 2004 Nghiem and Kim Oanh, 2006

  13. AOT based on hindcast ozone for one month of Dec. 2003 (CMAQ-MM5)

  14. Acid deposition in GMS • Available data: • EANET network has some stations in GMS • from National programs? • from fragmented research studies • Need for data compilation and data sharing • Dry deposition ? • Reliable model simulation results?

  15. Acid Deposition: Trans-boundary Air Pollution issue of increasing concern in Asia

  16. SO2 emissions in China Rodhe, 2006 (ABC school)

  17. Observed pH in precipitation Rodhe et al. ES&T 2002

  18. Model estimate of wet deposition of sulfate Average of several models Dentener et al, 2006

  19. 80 70 60 TSP/PM10 50 SO 2 Non-attainment cities, % 40 NOx 30 Acid deposition 20 10 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Cities with Non-attainment of NAAQS, China (Blanks – no data)

  20. ATMOS simulation Simulated SO2 dry deposition, mgS/m2.year Ratio of dry to wet deposition? Simulated SO2 wet deposition, mgS/m2.year Rattanavijit, 2005 (AIT thesis)

  21. Simulated SO42- dry deposition (mgS/m2.year) Ratio of dry to wet deposition? Simulated SO42- wet deposition (mgS/m2.year)

  22. Air mass back trajectories December August

  23. Dry deposition study using Noll plates at AIT Monitoring deposition fluxes of PM, ionic and POPs at rural, urban and near water reservoir

  24. Average deposition fluxes, mg/m2-day 2.5 1.5 0.5 Major anions: SO42- (30%) and NO3- (20%) of PM mass SO42- ~ 1 mg/m2.day  S ~ 0.3 mg/m2.day ~ 100 mg/m2.year Dry deposition velocity: 1.91- 2.04 cm/s AIT study (2004-2006)

  25. Summary: we do not know much yet • Spatial distribution of ozone monitors: need more stations in other countries and more stations in rural areas downwind of urban plumes • Acid deposition: • Compilation of existing data • Dry deposition data • Modeling: refine emission data in major urban areas in GMS to improve modeling results

  26. Ozone Damage in Europe Ozone and SO2 damage to crops and materials in 2000 and 2020 (billion of euros) Source: CAFE CBA (2004) cited from Langner (2006), SIDA Air quality management course How much is the damage in Asia and GMS ? Not much data

  27. Thank You

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