Connectors

1. Connectors

2. Addition & Contrast • Using phrase connectors (conjunctions) vs. sentence connectors (coordinating conjunctions) • FANBOYS – and, but, so, yet, or / nor • Punctuation • She danced and waved a fan.  (conjunction) • She danced, and he played the flute.  (coordinating conjunction)

3. And so / too • Using shortened clauses in joined sentences • and so do I • and I do too • but I don't

4. And so / too • My brother has a new toy, and so do I.   (American English)My brother has a new toy, and so have I.  (British English) • My bother got a new toy, and I did too.   My brother got a new toy,  but I didn't. 

5. Both...and • Using paired conjunctions to join parts of a sentence • both X and Y • not only   X  but also Y • either X or Y • neither X nor Y

6. Both...and • Both the movie and the play were good.   • Not only the movie but also the play was good.   • Neither the movie nor the play was good.   • Either the movie or the play was good. I can't remember.  

7. But / But still • Connectors for stating contrasting or contrary ideas, opinions and events • Contrasting: • but • while • whereas • on the one hand • in contrast to • yet • Contrary : • though • but still • even so • but ... anyway

8. But / But still • I like sugar in my coffee, whereas Edward likes black coffee.I like sugar in my coffee in contrast to Edward who likes none. • One the one hand, I like sugar in my coffee.On the other hand, Edgard does not! • I shouldn't eat sugar, but still I do.Though I shouldn't eat sugar, I do.I shouldn't eat sugar.  Nevertheless, I do.

9. But / Though • Expressing defeat versus challenge • Implied meanings • but  (obstacle) • though  (challenge) 

10. But / Though • Brian planned on attending a job fair, but the line to get in wrapped around the block.   (It discouraged him..) • Brian planned on attending a job fair, though the line to get in wrapped around the block.   (He stood in it anyway.)

11. Because / Though • Connectors adding clauses and phrases of expected and unexpected results • Stating expected and unexpected reasoning: • because vs. though • because of  vs. in spite of • Shortening clauses to modifying phrases : • the weather was cold • it being cold / the cold weather

12. Because / Though • He wore his winter pants because it was snowing.Schools were closed because of the snow.It was snowing.  For this reason, the schools were closed. • He was biking in his shorts though it was snowing.The schools were open in spite of the cold temperature.It was snowing.  Nevertheless, the schools were open.

13. Cause (Reason) and Effect (Result)So / Such that • Emphasizing the quality or characteristic of something (cause-effect) • Using a modifying phrase indicating • so ... that • such ... that • so much / such

14. So / Such that • The meteor storm was so beautiful that we watched it all night.It was such a beautiful meteor storm that we watched it all night. • We will learn so much interesting information that it will take years to process it.  (quantity)We will learn such interesting information that it will take years to process it.  (quality)

15. Cause (Reason) and Effect (Result)So phrases • Expressing cause-effect, purpose, and result • so… that  (emphasis / result) in order to • so that  (purpose) • , so  (result) • so-so, just so, so!  (expressions)

16. So phrases • The baby reached up so that he could get some candy.He has to pull down on the lever in order to get some candy to come out.The baby got nothing, so he cried.

17. Cause (Reason) and Effect (Result) Consequently • Expressing a cause and effect relationship • Summary of cause-effect connectors • because • consequently • therefore • as a result

18. Consequently • She married at the age of thirteen because she had no other options. • She had no other options. Consequently, she married at the age  of thirteen.

19. Cause (Reason) and Effect (Result)Cause-effect- summary • Expressing a cause and effect relationship • Summary of cause-effect connectors • coordinating –  so • correlative - so that • subordinating – because • transition – For this reason

20. Cause-effect- summary • His computer froze, so he hit it. •  He hit it so hard that he damaged the keyboard. •  He took it to a repair center because it needed a new keyboard. • He paid a lot to have it fixed.  As a consequence, he never hit his computer again.

21. EmphasisIndeed / Even • These adverbs introduce phrases and clauses  of emphasis and detail. • indeed • in fact  (details data) • even   (unexpected)

22. Indeed / Even • His work is indeed more amazing than before.His work is in fact more amazing than before.His work is even more amazing than before.

23. Comparison & Contrast • These  words compare and contrast  words, phrases, and clauses. • similar to , same, like / unlike • dissimilar, unlike, different • as  (adjective / adverb) as • in contrast, on the contrary • on the contrary (The opposite is true.) • while / whereas • on the other hand(It is, however, also true that . . .)("Looking at both sides of the coin.")

24. Comparison & Contrast • The apple is similar to the orange. • The color of the apple is unlike the color of the orange.This apple is as expensive as that orange. • This apple is the same price as that orange. • This apple is tart.  Similarly, this one is sour. • This apple is tart.  In the same way, this one is sour. • This apple is red.  In contrast, this orange is not. • Some people think the apple is orange.  On the contrary, the apple is red. (on the contrary = not true!) • While the orange is high in fiber, the apple is not. • On the one hand oranges are high in vitamin C, on the other hand they are very acetic to the stomach.

25. Connect Review • Conjunctions, adverbs and transition words • addition • alternative • cause and effect • comparison • condition • contrast • emphasis • place • time

26. Connect Review The day was cold and windy.They day was cloudy, windy and also cold. It was cloudy and windy.  Also, it was cold.The wind was strong as well as cold.Besides being windy, it was also cold.The day was windy  and cold. In addition, it was bright and clear.It was bright, clear and windy. Moreover, it was cold.It was bright, clear and windy.  Furthermore, it was cold.

27. Because phrases • Shortening clauses to modifying phrases: expressing reason (cause-effect) • Using a modifying phrase indicating • same time • earlier time

28. Because phrases • Because he was working so hard, he was earning a good salary. (same time) • Working so hard, he was earning a good salary. (same time) • Because he had been working so hard , he needed a vacation. Having worked so hard (earlier time), he needed a vacation.

29. If / Unless • These coordinating conjunctions introduce clause or phrases of condition. • if • only if • if only • unless • in the event • in case • whether or not  (no condition exists) • regardless of

30. If / Unless If an athlete tests drug-free, then he can compete. Only if an athlete tests drug-free, can he compete.  If only we could stop this abuse of drugs.    (a strong wish or regret) Unless an athlete tests drug-free, then he cannot compete. In the event a track meet is cancelled, everyone is notified.In case an athlete gets hurt, paramedics are nearby.An athlete can be disqualified whether or not he knowingly took drugs.An athlete can be disqualified regardless of his knowledge of taking drugs.

31. in case • These coordinating conjunctions introduce urgent or emergency plans • in case           –  if in an urgent situation • in the event   –  if in an emergency • should            –  if

32. in case • In the event (that) you need to reach me,  call my cell phone. • In case you need to reach me, call me at work. • Should you need to reach me, call my cell phone.

33. When / While • These adverbs contrast verbs of short and long duration. • when • while

34. When / While • When you called, he picked up his cell phone. • While he was talking on the phone, the baby slept.

35. After / Before • Using present tense for expected / predictable sequence of events • Adverbs introducing clauses with mixed time frames:  • after – before • when, as soon as • since, until • as, while • first, second 

36. After / Before When I [will] call the dog, she comes.After I [will] call the dog, she comes.Before I [will] call the dog, I open the door.After I [will] make popcorn, we'll watch a movie.

37. By the time • Adverb introducing a clause meaning: X happens not later than the moment Y happens • by the time

38. By the time By the time I leave work, the sun will be setting. (ongoing)By the time I leave work, the sun will have set. (completed)

39. Source • http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/connectsum.html