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Indigenous Peoples

Indigenous Peoples. Harry Anthony Patrinos . April 2009. Motivation. Recent research for Latin America finds: 28 million indigenous peoples higher poverty rates among indigenous little to no improvement in poverty rates over time despite national gains

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Indigenous Peoples

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  1. Indigenous Peoples • Harry Anthony Patrinos April 2009

  2. Motivation • Recent research for Latin America finds: • 28 million indigenous peoples • higher poverty rates among indigenous • little to no improvement in poverty rates over time despite national gains • improvements in health and education • gap remains, though in some cases narrowing (Hall & Patrinos 2006) • No comparative work across other regions, though some data exist

  3. Who are Indigenous Peoples? World Bank (OP 4.10): “Because of the varied and changing contexts in which Indigenous Peoples live and because there is no universally accepted definition of “Indigenous Peoples,” this policy does not define the term. Indigenous Peoples may be referred to in different countries by such terms as "indigenous ethnic minorities," "aboriginals," "hill tribes," "minority nationalities," "scheduled tribes," or "tribal groups”. “…the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: • (a)  self-identification… • (b)  collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats… • (c)  customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions … • (d)  an indigenous language,…

  4. Who are Indigenous Peoples? • UN Permanent Forum: self-identification • National governments: debate often over who is & is not ‘indigenous’ • Indigenous peoples: some feel strong identity as belonging to individual group (e.g. Quechua, Navaho, Adivasi); some disavow it as a means to pass into larger society, or as a means of survival (Maya in Guatemala)

  5. “Becoming Indigenous” Joining together under a common identity as indigenous peoples is relatively new phenomena Born of common differences, with tremendous variety in individual & group characteristics Best seen as political identity & social movement Four R’s of the indigenous movement: demands for representation, recognition, resources, rights. (Levi & Maybury-Lewis 2009)

  6. How Many Indigenous Globally? Some Rough Estimates: • More than 5,000 different groups living in more than 70 countries (IFAD) • Approximately 250-350 million worldwide, 5% of world’s population (IWGIA)

  7. How Many Indigenous? • Identity • Right to self-identify • Measurement issue • Common measures include: • Language (native tongue, ability to speak) • Self-identification • Geographic concentration (location, perception) • Data availability

  8. Indigenous Population Estimates

  9. Indigenous Peoples of Latin America, circa 1491 • Estimates of population vary from low of 8 million to high of 113 million • 1976 (geographer William Denevan) "consensus count" of 54 million • Death toll of 80% at end of 16th century (recovered only in 19th century) • Maya population estimated at 6 million, which is same as at end of 15th century • Indigenous far more widespread than previously believed, much more advanced

  10. Indigenous population of Latin America (% indigenous)

  11. Indigenous population of Latin America (millions)

  12. Indigenous Poverty as Proportion of Total

  13. Income Poverty ResultsLatin America

  14. Income Poverty Trends, Latin America

  15. Income Poverty Trends, Latin America

  16. Improve Data Collection Efforts • Include identification questions for cultural diversity • But more than a single question • Standardize questions • Add special survey modules • Also do separate surveys • And supplements to national census • Regular identification questions in household & labor force surveys

  17. Harry Anthony Patrinos hpatrinos@worldbank.org

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