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Plants…..?

Plants…..?. Kingdom Plantae Defined. 1. Photosynthetic Eukaryotes. 2. Chloroplasts contain both chlorophylls a & b . 3. Stores carbohydrates (mostly starch ). 4. Adult plants develop from embryos protected by tissue from the parent plant - are embryophytes .

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Plants…..?

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  1. Plants…..?

  2. Kingdom Plantae Defined • 1. Photosynthetic Eukaryotes. • 2. Chloroplasts contain both chlorophylls a & b. • 3. Stores carbohydrates (mostly starch). • 4. Adult plants develop from embryos protected by tissue from the parent plant - are embryophytes. • 5. Have alternation of generation.

  3. Big 5 Mass Extinctions • EX • EX • EX • EX • EX

  4. Cambrian Period 543 - 500 mya • Devonian Period 409-354 mya • Permian 290 - 245 mya • Creataceous 144 - 65 mya

  5. Phylogenetic Hierarchy • Kingdom • Phylum (Division) • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species • Binomial: Genus speciesorGenusspecies

  6. Evolution of Plants

  7. “Algae”a common name that includes organisms from 2 different Domains (3 kingdoms)

  8. Kingdoms of the 3 Domains • D: Archaea • K: Archebacteria • D: Bacteria • K: Bacteria • D: Eukarya • K: Fungi • K: Protista (Protocista) • K: Plantae (Phyta) • K: Animalia

  9. Where “Algae” are Found: • D: Archaea • K: Archebacteria D: Bacteria……………….bluegreen algae • K: Bacteria • D: Eukarya • K: Fungi • K: Protista (Protocista)…green,brown, red... algae • K: Plantae (Phyta) • K: Animalia

  10. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae” • 1. Prokaryotic • 2. Has chlorophyll a & phycobillins - phycocyanin and phycoerytherin.

  11. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae” • 1. Prokaryotic • 2. Has chlorophyll a & phycobillins - phycocyanin and phycoerytherin. • 3. Many have heterocysts and are nitrogen fixers. • 4. Stores food as cytophycean starch (glycogen). • 5. Many have gas vacuoles. • 6. May form akinetes, resistant spores. • 7. Many have slimy sheaths. • 8. Reproduction by cell division, fragmentation or spores - asexualonly……

  12. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae” • Unicellular: • Gloeocapsa ill • thick sheath around individual cells. • Often grows in mixed algae. • Chamaesiphon ill • Epiphytic on other algae. • Has holdfast. • Spores released through a exopore.

  13. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae” • Filamentous: • Oscillatoria • trichome and filament (plus sheath) • oscillatory motion - • hormogonium fragmentation - • ill

  14. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae” • Filamentous: • Oscillatoria ill • trichome and filament (plus sheath) • oscillatory motion - • hormogonium fragmentation - • Anabaena & Nostoc • can form large masses - thick sheath • prominent heterocyts and akinetes • Nostoc form motile trichomes under red and green light.

  15. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae” • Anabaena • heterocystspore (akinete) • Nostoc ill

  16. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae” • Anabaena • heterocyst

  17. Div: Cyanobacteria “bluegreen algae”

  18. D: EukaryotaK: Protista (Divisions)“algae”-

  19. K; Protista Div: Chlorophyta • 1. Stores starch in plastids • 2. One or more nucleoli. • 3. Chloroplasts have 2-6 thylacoids • 4. Cell wall of cellulose. • 5. Flagella 9+2 arrangement. • 6. Chl a, chl b, carotenes and xanthophylls. • 7. Starch (pyrenoids)

  20. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Unicellular: • Chlorella no sexual reproduction • Chlamydomonas • 2 anterior flagella • eyespot • contractile vacuole • monobiontic (n)

  21. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Unicellular: • Chlamydomonas • 2 anterior flagella • eyespot • contractile vacuole ill • sexual - isogamtetes • Monobiontic (n) • isogametes (1n) -> plasogamy & karyogamy -> zoospore(2n) -> meiosis -> isogametes (1n)

  22. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Unicellular: • Desmid (Cosmarium) • ill 4-39

  23. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Unicellular: • Desmids (Microasterias) • semicells - isthmus • 1 nucleus in isthhmus • sexual reproduction (conjugation) - monobiontic (n)

  24. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Filamentous: • Oedogonium • Intercalary growth • Ulothrix • Haplontic life cycle • Monobiontic (n) • (main free living • Plant body is n • or 2n – not both.)

  25. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Filamentous: • Spirogyra • sexual - conjugation • monobiontic (n)

  26. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Colonial: • Volvox monobiontic (n)

  27. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Colonial: • Hydradictyon • Monobiontic (2n) • ill 4-20A,B

  28. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Coenocytic: • Acetobularia “Mermaid’s Parasol” • Haploid (n) • Marine, tropical • rootlike, stemlike, leaflike branches. • Cap forms cysts and gametes

  29. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Coenocytic: • Caulerpa & Codium • Diploid (2n), coenocytic Monobiontic • Marine • rootlike, stemlike, leaflike branches. • Gametes (form by meiosis, n, bud off of leaf or stem)

  30. K: Protista D: Chlorophyta Codium

  31. K: Protista D: Chlorophyta Codium

  32. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Cladophora

  33. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Ulva • 2 cell layers • holdfast coenocytic • marine or brackish • dibiontic (1n and 2n)

  34. K: Protista Div: Chlorophyta • Ulva • Isomorphic • life cycle • Dibiontic • haploid • & diploid

  35. K: Protista Div: Charophyta“stoneworts” • 1. Stores starch in plastids • 2. One or more nucleoli. • 3. Cell wall of cellulose. • 4. Chl a, chl b, carotenes and ill 5-1 xanthophylls. • 5. Starch Chara • 6. Whorled branching: regular nodes and internodes. • 7. Covered with calcareous surface layers.

  36. K: Protista Div: Charophyta“stoneworts” • Nitella sp. • Chara sp. • Ill 5-3 ill 5-6 • nodes & internodes oogonium & antheridium

  37. K: Protista Div:Euglenophyta • 1. Stores food - Paramylon & fats. • 2. Reproduction: • Cell Division • sexual (?) • 3. Chl a & chl b • Carotenes & Xanthophylls. • 4. Also Phagocytic. • 5. No Cell wall. • 6. Motile with flagellum

  38. K: Protista Div:Chrysophyta “Diatoms”or Golden Brown Algae” • 1. Chl a & chl c, high amount • carotenes and xanthophylls • 2. Cell wall of cellulose and • silica - 2 articulated portions • 3. Never stores starch - • other carbohydrates & oils.

  39. K: Protista: Div: Pyrrophyta “Dinoflagellates” • 1. Chl a & chl c, • carotenes and xanthophylls • some have no chlorophyll • 2. Cell wall of cellulose & oils. • 3. Usually 2 flagella - 1 trailing & 1 girdling. • 4. Some species produce “red tides” in stagnant waters - neurotoxins - fish kills.

  40. K: Protista: Div: Pyyrophyta “Dinoflagellates”

  41. K: Protista Div: Phaeophyta“Brown Algae or Kelps” • 1. Mainly marine. Annual & perennial. • 2. Chl a & Chl c, carotenes • Xanthophylls (Fucoxanthin). • 3. Laminarin, no starch, • mannitol, fat droplets. Ill 7-6 • 4. Cell wall: cellulose • alginic acid • 5. Many have leaflike. rootlike • and stemlike structures. • 6. Sexual reproduction • 2n plant body.

  42. K: Protista Div: Rhodophyta • 1. Mainly tropical seas • some fresh water. • 2. Filamentous or foliaceous. • 3. Chl a & chl d, carotenoids, • phycocyanin, much • phycoerythrin. • 4.Stores Floridean starch • - glucose polymer (15) • 5. Cell wall - cellulose, • gelatinous material – hydrocolloids • “agar” galatose phosphate polymer • 6. Sexual and asexual reproduction • complex - like some Fungi

  43. K: Protista Div: Rhodophyta

  44. D: EukaryotaK: Protista (Divisions)“algae”-

  45. K: Protista Div: Oomycota • “water molds” Saprolegnia aquatic • Multinucleated or Coenocytic • Flagellated Reproductive Cells (n) • Saprobic • Cellulose Cell Walls • “powdery mildews” terrestrial (Irish Potato Blight, 1845 - 1847)

  46. K: Protista Div: Myxomycota • “acellular slime molds” • - Plasmodium has motile pseudopods coenocytic (2n nuclei) with cytoplasmic streaming (actin & myxomycin) no cell walls • - endocytosis • - spores (n) from erect fruiting bodies or sporangia - “swarm cells” motile spores – forms zygotes - > plasmodium • - irregular, hardmass: sclerotia form under unfavorable conditions - > plasmodium • - likes cool, moist habitats • Physarum

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