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Growth of Population Sixty-five Years Old and Over. 25. 25. 22.9%. 20. 20. 17.7%. 15. 15. 12.6%. Percent of Population. 10. 10. 9.2%. 5.4%. 5. 5. 4.1%. 0. 0. 1900. 1930. 1960. 1990. 2020. 2050. Year. Demographic Revolution.

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  1. Growth of Population Sixty-five Years Old and Over 25 25 22.9% 20 20 17.7% 15 15 12.6% Percent of Population 10 10 9.2% 5.4% 5 5 4.1% 0 0 1900 1930 1960 1990 2020 2050 Year

  2. Demographic Revolution • We are living currently in the very oldest world society that has ever existed. • Aging population will be one of the dominant trends over the next decades in the industrialized world. • Over-65 population in the U.S. is 11 times what it was in 1900. General population is only 3 times as many as in 1900.

  3. Life Expectancy: Selected Data for Men and Women in Industrialized Nations Men Women China 68 71 India 59 60 Israel 76 81 Japan 76 83 Turkey 70 74 Canada 76 83 Cuba 75 80 Mexico 70 77 USA 73 79 Poland 68 76 France 74 82 Germany 73 79 Greece 76 81 Italy 75 81 Spain 74 81 Switzerland 75 82 Egypt 60 63 Kenya 56 56 Nigeria 53 56 South Africa 57 62 Zambia 36 36 Australia 76 83 New Zealand 74 80

  4. The Aging Process • Gradual decline, begun decades ago, continues • Presbycus (hearing loss) • Presbyopia (“far-sightedness”) • Shrinkage of internal organs • Shrinkage in height • Muscles less flexible • Canities • Wrinkling and mottling skin • Neuronal conduction slows • Less deep sleep • Higher rates of chronic diseases

  5. Suprathreshold Measures Across Age for Three Major Sensory Systems 125 A 075 Snellen decimal Visual acuity n > 20000 025 B 90 Odor identification n = 1955 70 50 Correct (%) C 90 Speech intelligibility n = 2162 70 50 10 30 50 70 90 Age

  6. Risk Factors in Late Adulthood • Falls (a major cause of death or disability) • Misuse of medicines • Social isolation • Infections • Osteoporosis • Nutritional deficiencies • Depression • Cancer • Cardiac Disorder/stroke/pneumonia/diabetes/arteriosclerosis • Dementia • The Good News: Many older individuals lead satisfying lives and maintain their health well beyond society’s expectations. Source: Robert Berg and Joseph Cassells, (Nov. 5, 1990) National Academy of Science. Lawrence H. Altman, New York Times, November 5, 1990

  7. Prescription Drug Use in Late Adulthood • The majority of elderly adults take some medications. • Some take as many as 7 different drugs. • Most common medications are: • Sleeping pills • Laxatives • Anti-hypertensives • Diuretics • Cardiac medications • Antacids • Antibiotics • Cold remedies • Analgesics • Psychotropics • Drugs metabolize more slowly as people age and kidney and liver functions decline • Hazards include • Toxic interactions • Improper dosages • Outdated drugs • Storage problems • Confusion

  8. Major Theories of Aging Wear and Tear Theory (Common Sense) Body is like a car that wears out after so much mileage Cellular Theories All cells die and are replaced. Toxins and pollutants affect this cell reproduction with mutations and imperfection. Metabolic wastes accumulate. Electrons (free radicals) break away and destabilize atoms. Programming Theories We inherit a biological blueprint that switches off growth cells. There is a Hayflick limit of replication of cells.

  9. Stages of Progressive Dementia • The following may occur over a 5 to 15 year period: • General Forgetfulness – losing keys, eyeglasses, forgetting names and appointments • Forgetfulness More Intense and Prevalent – become repetitive, confused, unable to concentrate. Dysphasic. • Dangerous Stage – getting lost, dressing inappropriately, forgetting to eat, forgetting to turn off the stove. • Totally Confused and Disoriented – doesn’t recognize spouse or family members. Cannot control body functions. Requires full-time care.

  10. Causes of Dementia Multi-Infarct Dementia or Vascular Causes (14%) Alzheimer’s (56%) Brain Injury (4%) Multiple Causes (12%) Other Causes (6%) Parkinson’s Disease (8%) Source: Trushke, Edward F. (Fall 1998) ADVANCES. Bulletin of Progress in Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care.

  11. Alzheimer’s Disease • Affects 4 million Americans. 14 million predicted to have it by 2050 • 1 out of 10 people over 65 have Alzheimer’s. 1 out of 2 over 85 have it. • Costs over $100 billion annually in health care and related costs. • Definitive diagnosis only on autopsy, with findings of plaques and tangles in the brain cortex. • Possible causes include genetic inheritance, slow virus, or environmental toxins. • No known cure.

  12. ATCHLEY'S PHASES OR RETIREMENT • Preretirement • Honeymoon • Immediate retirement routine • Rest and relaxation • Disenchantment • Reorientation • Retirement routine • Termination of retirement

  13. Summary of Physical Development in Late Adulthood • Continued gradual decline of body functions that began in earlier decades • Risk of chronic and acute diseases, mediated by genetics and lifestyle • Life expectancy has risen dramatically to about 75 years • Majority of the 64,000 centenarians living in the U.S. have fulfilling lives and some continue to excel

  14. Summary of Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood • Some neuronal loss, but increased synaptic connections can compensate. • Dementia is more prevalent in this stage, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. • New interests grow, and the quality of wisdom is enhanced. • Speed and immediate memory declines.

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