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Classification

Answer on a piece of paper: Why and how do we classify organisms?. Classification. Reasons to Classify:. To understand and classify the diversity of life on Earth. Test evolutionary hypotheses such as: Trait Evolution Co-evolution Mode and pattern of speciation Biogeography

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Classification

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  1. Answer on a piece of paper: Why and how do we classify organisms? Classification

  2. Reasons to Classify: • To understand and classify the diversity of life on Earth. • Test evolutionary hypotheses such as: • Trait Evolution • Co-evolution • Mode and pattern of speciation • Biogeography • Geographic Origins • Taxa Age • Nature of molecular evolution • Understanding disease

  3. Hierarchical Classification System • Taxa • Major groupings or categories • Nested set of increasing inclusiveness Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

  4. Taxonomic Rules • Binomial nomenclature • Genus species (Example: Homo Sapien) • Genus name is noun (is italicized when written) • Species name is adjective (not italicized) • Higher taxonomic levels (families, orders, etc..) are also nouns • Why might we use a Binomial Nomenclature ?

  5. Taxonomy Relates to Phylogeny • Taxonomic characters allow phylogenetic grouping • Useful taxonomic characters • Morphological • Molecular (biochemical) • Chromosomal • Proteins • DNA • Homologies • Character similarities attributed to common ancestry

  6. A B C D E F E F Time A and B are most closely related because they share a common ancestor ( call the ancestor “E”) that C and D do not share A+B+C are more closely related to each other than to D because they share a common ancestor (“F”) that D does not share Phylogeny What is a phylogeny? Branching diagram showing relationships between species (or higher taxa) based on their shared common ancestors Species: A B C D Time

  7. Phylogenetic Relationships Established by Comparison of Multiple Characters

  8. What characteristics do you think we can use to compare? Why are or why are these not good to use?

  9. In groups: • Label the appropriate characters from the matrix on the tree.

  10. Human Example: Molecular Phylogeny • Comparison of cytochrome c mutations

  11. Now again answer on a piece of paper: Why and how do we classify organisms?

  12. www.dartmouth.edu/~robertcox/.../lecture13.ppt • faculty.mwsu.edu/.../5_taxonomy.ppt • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog • http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kennesaw.edu%2F~jdirnber%2FBio2108%2FLecture%2FLecPhylogeny%2FLecPhylogeny.html&h=0&w=0&sz=1&tbnid=DjrZojdPZXCEpM&tbnh=144&tbnw=349&zoom=1&docid=2k5Q4VeRndFB7M&ei=TFubUrLSI8vqoASJo4KwBA&ved=0CAwQsCUoBQ‎

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