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The Unification of Italy and Germany. Thesis. Italy was a unification led by great individuals and Germany was a unification led by great ideals. Realpolitik. Refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on practical considerations, rather than ideological notions Pragmatic
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Thesis • Italy was a unification led by great individuals and Germany was a unification led by great ideals.
Realpolitik • Refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on practical considerations, rather than ideological notions • Pragmatic • Otto Von Bismark – biggest proponent • Guiseppe Mazzini
Why did these two have so many problems? Italy Germany Divided because they were split between Austria and Prussia. • Divide because Italy had disparate issues in different parts of the countryside. • Northern and Southern Italians had different governments and ideas – North: Liberalized-Monarchy (House of Savoy) / South: Traditional Bourbon Dynasty Monarchy
Which Italian States Are We Talking About… • Kingdom of Two Sicilies • Papal States • Lombardy (Ruled by Austria) • Venetia (Ruled by Austria) • Toscany, Parma, and Modena (Hapsburgs) • Piedmont-Sardinia (House of Savoy)
Carbonari Revolts • The Carbonari were a secret organization in Italy formed after the influence of Napoleon (liberals) • Gained a temporary constitution in Kingdom of Two Sicilies, and revolted in Piedmont and the Papal States. • They were defeated in all of these instances.
The Leaders of the Unification Movement • After the failure of Carbonari, there were a group of new leaders who emerged. • They were all inspired by Liberalism and Nationalism, however each played a different role.
3 Leaders of Unification Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi
Guiseppe Mazzini • “The Intellectual” • Mazzini is an idealist who even in exile starts Young Italy – a movement to unify the nation. • He was a great writer and speaker who was the ideology behind the unification or Risorgimento. • In 1848 almost unified nation – actually elected as head of the new Roman Republic. However Austrians reinstituted the Pope and the “balance of power” – however he relied on the masses who were not committed.
Count Camillo Cavour • “The Architect” • Cavour was the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia – the only truly Italian dynasty under Victor Emmanuel. • He was a statesman who relied on things like treaties and progressive economic reforms. • Cavour established treaties with England and France during Crimean War. • Set up a scheme with Napoleon III to get control of all of Northern Italy. Didn’t completely work BUT created a new nationalism
Guiseppe Garibaldi • “The Warrior Patriot” • TRULY A REVOLUTIONARY HERO • Part of Mazzini’s revolt in 1834 – forced to flee because he was going to be executed • Went to South America and fought in two revolutionary armies there – got married and learned about Gaucho culture
Garibaldi (Cont.) • Garibaldi fought in the 1848 revolutions and attempted unification. Once again Garibaldi lost and was forced to go into exile – to Staten Island. • Garibaldi returned by 1859 for the Second Italian War of Independence, but broke with Mazzini and Cavour. • Working for Piedmont, he attacked Southern Italy, specifically the Kingdom of Two Sicily's. • Did this with a voluntary force – i mile (the thousand) – also known as the redshirts.
The Final Unification • Garibaldi claimed Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel and would continue on to Southern Italy with the assistance of the French. • By March 17, 1861 Victor Emmanuel proclaimed king of Italy. • The Piedmontiese were not willing to attack Rome for fear of French. Italy not completely unified until 1870.
Final Garibaldi Stories • Offered a command by Lincoln in the Civil War, but refused unless Lincoln made the abolition of slaver priority 1. • Tried to capture Rome multiple times and each time was repelled by the French. • Never allowed his troops to fire on Italian troops when they came into collision (his troops were mostly volunteers) • Shot two times in the leg.
Why was Germany Different? • 1800s German-speaking people live in small states to which they pledged their loyalty • Napoleon’s conquests caused Germans to want to be free from French rule • Napoleon’s defeat caused Germans to call for a strong, unified nation • Italy was a movement of individuals, this is a movement focused by a country - Prussia
Germany before unification • Several individual German states • - 1815, ~39 German states were brought together by similar culture • - Several other territories will become part of Germany after being taken away from foreign control • - Austro-Hungarian and Prussian Empires are the two largest • - Nationalism will lead towards the unification of Germany, led by the Prussian empire
Why Prussia? • Had a large well trained army. • Government was stable and very disciplined. • Local nobles, called Junkers, has been brought under the heel of the king. • Had a big and growing factory system. • Ruled under Realpolitik
Early Unifiers • 1834 – The Zollverein – Trade union established by Prussia that ended trade barriers between German speaking states • - This was a step towards unity – people from different parts can interact much easier • - Established Prussia as the leader among the other German states
Otto Von Bismark • 1862 – Otto von Bismarck becomes the Chancellor of Prussia • - Strong, practical leader • - Used realpolitik to gain power in government • - Stepped up an led the unification of Germany • - (did this b/c he wanted to help Prussian king become more powerful) (not because he felt strong nationalistic feelings) (although used these feelings of the population to help bring unification about)
“Blood and Iron” • - Only way to unify the country • - Has to be done accomplished with force and through war • - Led the German states, more specifically Prussia, into 3 wars • - Wars increased Prussian power and presence in Germany, and also brought the states closer together • Established by Otto Von Bismark
The Blood… • 1864, Danish War: Prussia (Germany) and Austria vs. Denmark • With help from Austria, Prussia seized lands from Denmark • Lands were heavily populated by German-speaking people • helped bring German-states closer together • 1866, Austro-Prussian War: Prussia (Germany) vs. Austria • Bismarck turned Prussia against former allies just a few years later • Prussia easily defeated Austria – took only about 7 weeks • Several German states become united in the North German Confederation
More Blood… • 1870, Franco-Prussia War: Prussia (Germany) vs. France • Bismarck stirred up nationalistic feelings amongst German people by bringing up memories of Napoleon’s conquests to gain support for war against France • Prussia and German allies easily defeat France • Southern German states agree to unite with Prussia and the North German Confederation after the war
Franco-Prussian War – Cont. • Transition War – it is a transition between the older style of fighting and the modern warfare that will happen between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I • Caused the collapse of Napoleon III – end of the second French Empire, beginning of the Third Republic. • Germans gained Alsace-Lorraine – reason for French invasion.
The Second Reich • 1871, German Unification: The Kaiser • German states unite under rule of Prussian King, William I • William calls himself Kaiser, which is derived from the name Caesar, meaning emperor • - The Second Reich