1 / 62

Lab Help

Lab Help. Phylogenetic trees. Domain Eubacteria. Domain Archaea. Domain Eukarya. Common ancestor. Kingdom: Animals. Domain Eukarya. Animal Characteristics. HETEROTROPHS. Eukaryotic _________________ must ingest others for nutrients __________________

jalia
Download Presentation

Lab Help

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Lab Help • Phylogenetic trees

  2. Domain Eubacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya

  3. Animal Characteristics HETEROTROPHS • Eukaryotic _________________ • must ingest others for nutrients • __________________ • Specialized cells, complex body • ________________ • allows active movement • _____________________ • Dominant diploid (2n) organism • only haploid gametes MULTICELLULAR NO CELL WALLS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  4. Characteristics (Con’t) GLYCOGEN • Store glucose as _______________ Most __________ at some point in life cycle; • _________ (free living sexually immature form) may be only time in some MOTILE LARVA

  5. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT  Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

  6. ZYGOTE CLEAVAGE • __________ undergoes ____________ (MITOSIS) • Forms ____________ (hollow ball of cells) BLASTULA

  7. GASTRULATION: • Cells in blastula move inward over lip of _______________Form digestive system (tube within a tube) BLASTOPORE Becomes digestive system

  8. Gastrulation 2. Germ layers form • TWO GERM layers form ________________EX: Sponges and cnidarians • THREE GERM layers form __________________- Most animals DIPLOBLASTIC TRIPLOBLASTIC

  9. Germ Layers forms lining of digestive tract, digestive (LIVER, PANCREAS) & respiratory organs (LUNGS) Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm forms muscle, skeletal, circulatory, excretory, reproductive systems forms outer covering (epidermis) , brain, central nervous system

  10. Where does BLASTOPORE end up?  Images modified from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

  11. Patterns of Development(Triploblastic) PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES Blastopore becomes ANUS Blastopore becomes MOUTH DETERMINATE Decide very early INDETERMINATE Decide later RADIALcleavage SPIRALcleavage ALL VERTEBRATES (Fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals)plus ECHINODERMS MOST INVERTEBRATESexcept ECHINODERMS

  12. What do embryos look like as they divide? SPIRAL RADIAL CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE Cells twist cells stack up Images from: http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/so28_04.gif

  13. When do cells decide what they will become? Image from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg

  14. Cells decide early Cells decide later Removing cell causes missing parts or death Removing cell OK DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE Images modified from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg

  15. THAT’S WHERE TWINS COME FROM ! ONLYDeuterostomescan have identical twins! MONOZYGOTIC TWINS (Maternal twins)Identical DNA DIZYGOTIC TWINS(Fraternal twins) DIFFERENT DNA

  16. Image from: http://www.bsac21.freeserve.co.uk/images/Critters/Starfish%20Bloody%20Henry.JPG “Exception to the rule” ECHINODERMS ARE THE ONLY INVERTEBRATEDEUTEROSTOMES http://my3boysandi.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/spongebob_1.jpg Porifera and Cnidarians have only TWO germ layersNot considered PROTOSTOMES http://z.about.com/d/healing/1/0/Y/O/gtotem_jellyfish.jpg

  17. EMBRYOLOGY Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml • Where does BLASTOPORE end up? • What do embryos look like as they divide? • When do cells decide what they will be?

  18. FUNCTIONS of having a COELOM (body space): Fluid filled space = ________ COELOM Separates digestive tube from body wallAllows organs to move independentlySpace/cushion for organs In animals without a skeleton-Fluid in coelom space can act as _______________ skeleton HYDROSTATIC

  19. Types of Coeloms (See-Lums) COELOM Fluid filled space = __________ No cavity (space) around organs Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm ACOELOM _________ = “without space”

  20. No space, <2 openingsFLATWORMS are ACOELOMATES!

  21. Types of Coeloms (See-Lums) Space around organs but only lined with mesoderm on one side (lines body wall BUT NOT around gut) Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm PSEUDOCOELOM

  22. ROUND WORMS _____________ are PSEUDOCOELOMATES!

  23. Types of Coeloms (See-Lums) Body cavity (space) lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM

  24. EUCOELOMATES Segmented worms, MOST INVERTEBRATES & ALL VERTEBRATES

  25. 3 Types of Coeloms ACOELOM EUCOELOM PSEUDOCOELOM ectoderm mesoderm endoderm Image from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg

  26. pseudocoel coelom cavity acoelomate Body Cavity ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm coelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm protostome vs. deuterostome

  27. ADVANTAGE OF an EUCOELOM? Digestive organ muscles and body wall muscles come from MESODERM in different places so organism can digest food and move at same time. Images from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Animal_Images/coelomate.gif

  28. CEPHALIZATION ______________ Concentration of “brain” and sensory organs in anterior end (head area) • Associated with bilateral symmetry • Efficient response to stimulus • Sense organs encounter environment first • Allows for direction of movement • First seen in Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

  29. Types of Symmetry Asymmetry Bilateral Radial Images from: http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/animals/sponges.htm http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Animals/Symmetry.htm

  30. http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/nitrowaste.JPGhttp://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/nitrowaste.JPG NITROGEN WASTE

  31. NITROGEN WASTE • Produced by body cells from metabolism of PROTEINS & NUCLEIC ACIDS • Removed by _______________ EXCRETORY SYTEM

  32. NITROGEN WASTE : AMMONIA _________________ Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY Needs MOST water to dilute __________ Made from ammonia by liver Less toxic than ammonia Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs less water to dilute than ammonia) ______________ LEAST TOXIC Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute) UREA URIC ACID

  33. ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME! made by cells from break down of proteins & nucleic acids left over from undigested food Handled by digestive system Handled by excretory system ammonia, urea, or uric acid (waste + water = urine) Feces (poop)

  34. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/Faculty/Farabee/BIOBK/insectexcret_1.gifhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/Faculty/Farabee/BIOBK/insectexcret_1.gif Excretory Organs • NEPHRIDIA • MALPIGHIAN TUBULES • FLAME CELLS • KIDNEYS http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecArthropod/SpiderX.jpg http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsweb/thiel/apbio/review/excretory.html

  35. RESPIRATORY ORGANS • take in oxygen • remove waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia • skin, gills, trachea & spiracles, book lungs, lungs ___________________________ Image from: http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/images/respiratory_anatomy.gif

  36. GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH SKIN BOOK LUNGS TRACHEA & SPIRACLES http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecArthropod/SpiderX.jpg

  37. lung trachea anterior air sacs posterior air sacs GILLS LUNGS http://www.ciggyfree.com/cigblog/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/lungs.gif

  38. BODY PLAN • VERTEBRATES • Ventral heart • Dorsal nerve cord INVERTEBRATES • Dorsal heart • Ventral nerve cord http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/biodidac/crus001and2b.gif/small.jpg

  39. Body Systems : SKELETAL ____________ Framework to support body/protection Skeleton on inside = _______________ Skeleton on outside = _______________ ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON Walking skeleton image from: http://virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act15/text-skeletonpuz.html Insect lefg image from:http://www.zoobooks.com/newFrontPage/animals/virtualZoo/animals/i/insects/images/exoskeleton.gif

  40. Body Systems : DIGESTIVE _____________ Breaks down food to obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste Image from: http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_diges.htm

  41. http://www.tape-worm.info/ EX: tapeworm NO OPENINGS _____________-absorbs through skin Image by Riedell EX: sponges Sponge images from Animals slide show by Kim Foglia @ http://www.explorebiology.com

  42. Images from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif http://contanatura.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/2005/09/imortalidade_pr.html http://www.explorebiology.com EX: jellyfish, hydra, planaria ONE OPENING ___________________ = GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY combined digestive/circulatory space FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening

  43. Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif TWO OPENINGS _______________- FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)

  44. Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif Two openings: Most efficient If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization (Different parts can start to do different jobs)

  45. Body Systems : REPRODUCTIVE Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = __________________________ ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION _______________________ - Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm

  46. Sperm and egg join outside female’s body = ________________________ Sperm and egg join inside female’s body = ________________________ External fertilization Internal fertilization Animation from: http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/f/fertilization/support.gif

  47. REPRODUCTIVE INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT ________________________ immature LARVA looks different than adult ______________________ young are smaller versions on adults Metamorphosis image from: http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterfly Frog image from: http://www.animationlibrary.co DIRECT DEVELOPMENT Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

  48. Body Systems : CIRCULATORY __________________ Transports nutrients/oxygen to cells Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells Circulatory fluid can be: inside blood vessels = _________ loose inside body spaces = _______ CLOSED OPEN Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif

More Related