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Unit 8 Solar System

Unit 8 Solar System. At the end of this unit you will be able to: Calculate the number of degrees the sun moved, or the earth rotated, in a given time Calculate the eccentricity of an orbit Label a diagram of the hemisphere and show the setting and rising positions of the sun. Locate Polaris

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Unit 8 Solar System

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  1. Unit 8 Solar System • At the end of this unit you will be able to: • Calculate the number of degrees the sun moved, or the earth rotated, in a given time • Calculate the eccentricity of an orbit • Label a diagram of the hemisphere and show the setting and rising positions of the sun. • Locate Polaris • State what direction the earth rotates • Differentiate between Geocentric and Heliocentric models • State the difference between Jovian and Terrestrial Planets • Define: Orbit, ellipse, Penumbra, Umbra, Eclipse, Rotation, Revolution, Constellation • Read The Luminosity chart in the reference tables

  2. Labs for this unit • Ellipse Lab • Diurnal Motions of the Sun • Shadows and the Sun’s Path

  3. Earth Science Picture of the Day http://epod.usra.edu/

  4. Vocabulary: Astronomy • Red shift: indicates that celestial objects are moving apart (distance is increasing, expanding) • Galaxy: collection of stars, gases and dust held together by gravity • Star: large ball of gas that produces energy and shines

  5. Vocabulary: Astronomy • Luminosity: how bright an object is compared to our sun • Asteroid: solid, irregularly shaped object that orbits the sun • Comet: an object with a very eccentric orbit, vaporizes as it travels leaving a tail behind it

  6. Vocabulary: Astronomy • Meteor: small solid fragment that burns up in the earth’s atmosphere • Terrestrial: rocky core, high density • Jovian: gaseous core, low density • Rotation: to spin on an axis • Revolution: to travel around an object

  7. Vocabulary: Astronomy • Orbit: path of an object revolving around another • Aphelion (apogee): point in an orbit where it is farthest from the sun, least gravity, slowest orbiting speed • Perihelion (perigee): point in an orbit where it is closest to the sun, greatest gravity, fastest orbiting speed • Ellipse: shape of an orbit

  8. Vocabulary: Astronomy • Foci (focus): fixed object in space around which an object orbits (revolves) • Eccentricity: how out of round an orbit is, degree of flatness, value between zero and one • Gravitation: (gravity) attractive force between two objects • Geocentric: Earth at the center • Heliocentric: Sun at the center

  9. Vocabulary: Astronomy • Constellation: A group of stars that make a pattern • Tides: rise and fall of the sea level caused by the moons gravity • Eclipse: when a celestial object falls into the shadow of another celestial object

  10. Vocabulary: Astronomy • Penumbra: partial shadow • Umbra: total shadow

  11. I. Celestial Observations • A. Night Sky • 1. Constellations: A group of stars that make a pattern in the sky

  12. Constellations • 2.Polaris,akanorth star,located above the North Pole and The Earth’s axis of rotation

  13. Polaris • a. the ALtitude of Polaris equals your LAtitude

  14. Little dipper (Ursa Minor)

  15. Big Dipper (Ursa Major)

  16. Star Motion • 4. Stars appear to move East to West in a Counterclockwise motion at the rate of 15 degrees per hour.

  17. Star Trails • Star trails are made by leaving your camera shutter open and pointed at the location that marks the Earth’s Axis of rotation. • If the Camera is in the Northern Hemisphere you would point it at what? • If you were in the southern Hemisphere • would you have a star at the center of the trail?

  18. Star Trail

  19. Moon Phases

  20. B. Day Sky • 1. The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west • 2.Moves across the Sky at the rate of15degrees per hour.

  21. B. Day Sky • 3. Sun looks like it moves because the earth isrotating. • 4. At the poles your travel slower than you would at the equator.

  22. B. Day Sky • 5. Rotation of the earth evidence • a.Focultpendulum andCoriolis effect. • b. Sun rising and setting (once a day)

  23. C. Seasons • 1. We have seasons because the earth istilted • a. the earth is tilted at an angle of23 1/2 degrees from straight up.

  24. Seasons diagram

  25. What would happen if the earth were not tiltedor tilted more than 23 1/2 degrees?

  26. C. Seasons • 2. Summer (Solstice) • a.June 21st • b.Longestday of sunlight • c.Highestaltitude of sun in the sky

  27. C. Seasons • 2. Summer (Solstice) • d.shortestshadow • e.longestarc or path of the sun • f. RisesNEand setsNW

  28. Summer Solstice

  29. C. Seasons • 3. Winter (Solstice) • a.December 21st • b.Shortestday of sunlight • c.lowestaltitude of sun in the sky

  30. C. Seasons • 3. Winter (Solstice) • d.longestshadow • e.shortestarc or path of the sun • f. Rises SE, sets SW

  31. Winter Solstice

  32. C. Seasons • 4. Fall and Spring (Equinox) • a. Equal amounts of daylight and night time (12 and 12) • b. March 21st and September 21st.

  33. C. Seasons • 4. Fall and Spring (Equinox) • c. Rises on East ands sets on West. • d. Sunlight rays are directly on the equator.

  34. Fall and Spring Equinox

  35. Suns path diagram for all equinoxes, and solstices

  36. Eclipses • Solar Eclipse: When the Sun and moon and earth are lined up. The moon is between the earth and the sun

  37. Solar Eclipse Geometry

  38. http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eclipse/images/Freds_dundlod_movie.mpghttp://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eclipse/images/Freds_dundlod_movie.mpg

  39. Lunar eclipse • When the Sun and moon and earth are lined up. The earth is between the moon and the sun

  40. Lunar Eclipse Geometry

  41. Eccentricity • Degree of “out of roundness” of an ellipse determined by the distance between the two foci divided by the length of the major axis of the ellipse

  42. eccentricity= distance between foci length of major axis Length of Major Axis distance between foci

  43. Eccentricity has no label • The value of eccentricity is between ZERO (which is a perfect circle) and ONE (which is a line)

  44. http://www.starryskies.com/The_sky/events/lunar-2003/eclipse-Nov8.htmlhttp://www.starryskies.com/The_sky/events/lunar-2003/eclipse-Nov8.html

  45. Tides: are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon on the water of the earth

  46. Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon. When the sun and the moon are lined up to both pull in the same direction or oppositedirections, tides are especially strong. This is called a 'spring tide.'

  47. Neap tides occur during quarter moons. Neap tides are especially weak tides. They occur when the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular to one another (with respect to the Earth).

  48. On a QUARTER SHEET DUE NEXT CLASS Page 64 (41-53) Page 53 (2-14) HOMEWORK: In review book

  49. III. Solar System • A. Types of models

  50. 1. Geocentric: Earth is at the center of the solar system Model types

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