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GERUNDIVE AND GERUND

Learn about the usage, formation, and examples of gerunds, gerundives, and passive verbal adjectives in Latin grammar. Discover how these forms express necessity and are used in various contexts.

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GERUNDIVE AND GERUND

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  1. GERUNDIVE AND GERUND

  2. GERUNDIVE A passive verbal adjective (sometimes described as a future passive participle) usually formed by adding –ndus, -a, -um to the base used in forming the imperfect tense and present participle. In the third and fourth conjugations,u can be used instead of e : amābat > amandus docēbat > docendus regēbat > regendus (regundus) audiēbat > audiendus (audiundus) Used for expressing necessity, with the person who needs to act put in the Dative. With intransitive verbs, the neuter of the gerundive can be used impersonally. The most natural English translation is usually in the active voice: Nōbīs haec vocābula ēdiscenda sunt.We have to learn these words by heart. Mihi theātrum relinquendum est.I have to leave the theatre. Nōbīs abeundum est.We have to go away. Also used in noun phrases where English would prefer the (active) gerund in –ing or two nouns: Dē castrīs dēfendendīs colloquāmurLet’s talk about defending the camp/the defence of the camp.

  3. GERUND A verbal noun, identical to the neuter of the gerundive, but used in the active sense. It is not used in the nominative or as the direct object of a verb. Puella hospitēs cantandō dēlectābat. The girl was delighting the guests by singing. Equivalent to the English –ing form of the verb when this is used as a noun. In these cases, English grammar also calls the –ing form a gerund but when it is used like an adjective it is called a present participle Can be used in a noun phrase with a noun in the accusative in place of a gerundive phrase but this tends to happen only when gerundive and noun both have long endings (especially genitive plural): dē amīcīs dēfendendīs (with gerundive) is better than dē amīcōsdēfendendō(with gerund) amīcōs dēfendendī causā(with gerund) is better than amīcōrum dēfendendōrum causā(with gerundive)

  4. Cato, quī saeculō secundō ante Chr. n. vīvēbat, in fīne omnium orātiōnum eandem sententiam dīcēbat: `dēlenda est Carthāgō.’

  5. duodecim lineae discipulō improbō scrībendae sunt

  6. dracō dormiēns nunquam esttītillandus

  7. Quīntus male cantandō omnēs vēxābat.

  8. Annō CCXVIII ante Christum nātum, Hannibal trāns Alpēs cum elephantīs et mīlibus peditum contendendōRōmānōs stupefēcit.

  9. Brūtus et Cassius Caesare necandō bellum cīvīle effēcērunt. (GERUNDIVE: `by Caesar being killed’).Brūtus et Cassius Caesarem necandō bellum cīvīle effēcērunt. (GERUND: `by killing Caesar’).

  10. Horātius Rōmam ponte dēfendendō cōnservāvit

  11. lēgātus equitātum ad hostēs sequendōs mīsit.

  12. `ūnus homō nōbīs cunctandō restituit rem’

  13. Gollus sē cum ānulō in igneās Montis Fātī faucēs prōiciendō Dominum Ātrum dēlēvit.

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