Journal #30

1. Journal #30 Distinctive – clearly standing out Commission – appointment to an office Stronghold – a place that is strongly protected, such as a fort Province – an area of control

2. Wyoming History 10.5: Tribes and Early Wyoming Explorers

3. Quote of the Day “A coward is much more exposed to quarrels than a man of spirit.” “I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have.” Thomas Jefferson

4. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) 3rd U.S. President (1801-1809) Principal author of the Declaration of Independence A polymath – he was an expert horticulturalist, politician, architect, archaeologist, paleontologist, and the founder of the U. of Virginia Had children with one of his slaves after his wife died Deeply in debt when he died Monticello Friend and neighbor of Meriwether Lewis

5. Bonus Questions • Name the 3rd and 4th Presidents of the United States • What did the British do to our capital in 1814? • Why is the battle at Fort McHenry in 1814 so well known? • Who was the U.S. leader at the Battle of New Orleans?

6. Lived in Wyoming: Arapaho Cheyenne Crow Shoshone Traveled in Wyoming: Sioux Pawnee Ute Blackfeet Tribes in Wyoming (1800)

7. Cheyenne • Name comes from a Sioux word meaning “people of alien speech” • Corn farmers from Minnesota who moved out onto the plains • Moved throughout Wyoming • Longtime allies with the Arapaho

8. Crow • Likely split from the Hidatsa in North Dakota • Lived near the Wind, Powder, and Big Horn rivers • Enemies of the Shoshone

9. Major tribe who fought the U.S. in the plains “Indian Wars” AKA Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota Originally from Minnesota, near the Mississippi River Famous battles against white settlers/explorers – The Battle of the Little Bighorn Enemies of the Pawnee Sitting Bull, Red Cloud, Crazy Horse Sioux

10. Lived in western Wyoming, as well as Utah and Idaho Visited by Lewis and Clark in Idaho in 1805 Related to the Sheep-eaters and Comanche For the most part, they were friendly to whites Enemies of the Crow, and Arapaho Eastern Shoshone receive Wind River Reservation in 1868 Chief Washakie was the most famous Shoshone

11. Arapaho • Northern Arapaho lived in northeastern Wyoming • Longtime allies with the Cheyenne • Enemies of the Shoshone, Ute, and Pawnee • Frequently raided their enemies • Eventually placed on the Wind River Reservation – with the Shoshone

13. Crowheart Butte Battle of 1866

14. Why Come to Wyoming? • To explore • Lewis and Clark did not enter Wyoming– John Colter came into Wyoming • John C. Fremont • Tourism - Yellowstone • $$$ - Boom and Bust Cycles • The Fur Trade, Coal, Oil, Natural Gas • To get somewhere else • Oregon Trail, transcontinental railroad, I-80

15. How Did The U.S. Get The Land That Would Become Wyoming? • 4 land deals • The Louisiana Purchase (1803) • The Annexation of Texas (1845) • The Oregon Treaty (1848) • The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

16. The Louisiana Purchase 1803 – Thomas Jefferson pays France $15 million for 828,000 square miles – ($.03 an acre) Napoleon Bonaparte, “This accession of territory affirms forever the power of the United States, and I have given England a maritime rival who sooner or later will humble her pride."

17. Land Deals

18. The First Explorers in Wyoming • Did the Spanish reach Wyoming? • “Iron-covered” men who couldn’t be killed • Spanish sword found in a field in NE Wyoming • Probably did not happen…but maybe??? • French-Canadian trappers were probably the first people in Wyoming

19. Lewis and Clark • A group of 33 men sent west from Missouri – 32 make it back • Official mission of the expedition • Find a water route to the Pacific • Study Indian tribes • Study plants, and wildlife • Evaluate the British and French Canadian hunters/trappers in the area • Army Captain Meriwether Lewis is chosen by Jefferson to lead the expedition • He chooses his friend William Clark as his partner • The group returned to St. Louis in 1806 • The expedition made many scientific discoveries and sparked American interest in the West

20. The Lewis and Clark Expedition

21. John Colter • Part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition • On the return trip, he asks for his release to return West with Manuel Lisa’s Fur Company • During the winter of 1807, he is sent out to meet nearby Indian tribes • Alone, with a rifle and 30 lb pack, he travels 500 miles in the middle of winter • He becomes the first white American to enter Wyoming, he also “discovers” and explores Yellowstone • “Colter’s Hell”

22. Colter’s Western Adventures John Colter was attacked by the Blackfeet Indians 3 times during his time in the West He uses his fur trade profits to buy land in Missouri, but dies shortly after of jaundice

23. The Astor Party (Hunt Party) • John Jacob Astor was the first multi-millionaire in the United States • In 1810 he decided to establish a fur trading post on the Pacific Coast • He sent two groups to Oregon, one overland and another by ship – The Tonkin

24. The Astor Party (AKA The Hunt Party) • The overland group travels through Wyoming in 1811 after leaving the Missouri River • Obtain 6,000 pounds of buffalo meat near Pinedale • Trade their horses for canoes in Montana • 45 of the original 60 men make it to Oregon in 1812 • When the group arrives in Oregon, they discover that the Tonquin has been attacked • They send a group of men back east to tell John Jacob Astor what has happened

25. Robert Stuart • Leads the group back east to update Astor in 1812 – unusual because he had taken the Tonquin to Oregon • On the way back east, this group discovers South Pass, a route over the mountains • The group winters on the North Platte River and arrives in St. Louis in 1813

26. The Fur Trade • Fur trapping had become a profitable business in the early 1800’s • Trappers in Wyoming had a problem, how to get the furs back East? • A man named William Ashley recognizes the problem and takes out an ad in a Missouri newspaper • “A few enterprising young men” • Jim Bridger, William Glass, Milton Sublette, Jed Smith all sign up

27. Alfred Jacob Miller

28. “Mirth, songs, dancing, shouting, trading, running, jumping, singing, racing, target-shooting, yarns, frolic, with all sorts of extravagances that white men or Indians could invent…all accompanied by whiskey drinking.” – Jim Beckworth

29. The Decline of the Fur Trade Late 1830’s Beaver are overhunted – almost extinct Fashion changes – Silk hats replace beaver hats Forts replace rendezvous

30. Jacques LaRamee