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Dairy Reproduction Basics

Learn about the key events in animal reproduction, from puberty to parturition. Understand estrus cycles, gestation periods, signs of estrus, and the artificial insemination process.

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Dairy Reproduction Basics

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  1. Dairy ReproductionBasics Slide Show courtesy of Jason Gehrke

  2. Events of Reproduction • Puberty- Age at which reproductive organs become functional • Female- Reproduction Process • Estrous cycle- Repetitive cycle occurring when female is not pregnant • Estrus- “Heat” or receptivity to mating • Fertilization- Egg & Sperm unite • Only real male contribution is the sperm • Gestation- Length of pregnancy • Parturition- Act of giving birth

  3. Age of Puberty • Cattle: 6 to 12 Months • Sheep: 5 to 7 Months • Swine: 4 to 8 Months • Horses: 12 to 15 Months • Humans: 9 to 16 YEARS

  4. Gestation Length • Cattle: 285 Days • Sheep: 147 Days • Swine: 114 Days • Horses: 336 Days

  5. Partition Names in Species • Cattle: Calving • Sheep: Lambing • Swine: Farrowing • Horses: Foaling

  6. Signs of Estrus • Swollen vulva • Mucous discharge • Restless behavior • Female receptivity to male http://www.goodecattle.com/spot.htm

  7. Specific Signs of Estrus • Cattle: Visually active mounting • Sheep: Few external signs • Swine: Brace with pressure to back, vocal grunting • Horses: Tease with Stallion and will go nose to nose

  8. Length of Estrous Cycle • Cattle: 19 to 23 Days • Sheep: 14 to 19 Days • Swine: 19 to 23 Days • Horses: 10 to 37 Days

  9. Duration of Estrus Cycle • Cattle: 6 to 27 Hours • Sheep: 24 to 36 Hours • Swine: 48 to 72 Hours • Horses: 3 to 8 Days

  10. Male Transfer of Sperm • Two different ways • Let the male and female naturally engage. • Male seeks out female in estrus • All controlled by male and female interaction • Artificial Insemination (AI) • Human transfers semen past female cervix and into the uterus • Human is in control of male product and female interaction • No contact between male and female

  11. Artificial Insemination (AI) Pros • Conception rate is high • Extends use of superior males • One male can fertilize many females • Reduce incidence of reproductive diseases • Individual straw per female limits passing of disease • Improves record keeping and management • Know exactly who the father is • Can accelerate genetic improvements

  12. Artificial Insemination (AI) Cons • Need to know Estrus Cycle of animal • Cost intensive • Pay for semen • Pay for labor to artificially inseminate cows

  13. Hormones • Female • Estrogen- critical for follicle development • Progesterone- sustains pregnancy and inhibits new follicle development • Relaxin- causes ligaments around birth canal to relax • Oxytocin- causes milk letdown • Lutenizing Hormone-Induces ovulation of a mature follicle • Follicle Stimulating Hormone-Promotes development of the follicles

  14. Basic AI Process • Check for Heat • Have all necessary tools • Make sure tools are clean • Clean her exterior surface • Go through the AI process for the species being bred • Assessment, record important information (date, time, who to… etc)

  15. AI Use in Farm Animals • Dairy Cattle: widely used • Beef Cattle: limited use (herds hard to monitor) • Sheep: limited use (need to use microscope) • Swine: intermediate use • Horses: restricted by breed associations

  16. Female Reproductive System http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/reprod/animal/female/diagram/ • Ovaries- • Produce egg • Egg contains ½ of genetic makeup • Oviducts- • Site of fertilization • Transport embryos to uterus • Uterus- • Site of embryonic development during gestation

  17. Female Reproductive System http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/reprod/animal/female/diagram/ • Cervix- • Connects uterus and vagina • Serve as barrier during pregnancy • Vagina- • Female organ of copulation at mating • Opening of bladder • Vulva- • External opening of reproductive system

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