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Organic Compounds. The 4 essential macromolecules. Carbohydrates. Source of energy Made of monomers called monosaccharides Ex: glucose and fructose, galactose , dextrose
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Organic Compounds The 4 essential macromolecules
Carbohydrates • Source of energy • Made of monomers called monosaccharides • Ex: glucose and fructose, galactose, dextrose • Monosaccharides, are single sugars that can be linked together to form disaccharides (2 sugars) or polysaccharides (many sugars) • They are linked using a process called dehydration sysnthesis. • Ex: disaccharide- maltose and sucrose polysaccharide- glycogen, starch, and cellulose
Isomers • Isomer: molecules with the same chemical formula but different structure • Ex: glucose and fructose chemical formula C6H12O6 • Glucose and fructose are both hexose sugars but have a different placement of their Carbonyl group. • Maltose and Sucrose are also isomers, chemical formula C12 H22 O11 • Maltose is made of 2 glucose molecules while Sucrose is a glucose and a fructose.
Dehydration Synthesis • Organic macromolecules are all built using the same process, Dehydration Synthesis. • This process removes an –OH and –H from 2 molecules in order to join them. • Since water is often formed from the OH and H the process is also called “Condensation”
Lipids • Used for energy (2xs more than carbs), insulation, steroids, and as major structural components of the cell • Lipids are made of 2 different monomers, glycerol and fatty acids • A triglyceride is composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids
Phospholipids • The plasma membrane is critical to the function and homeostasis of the cell. • The membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids • A phospholipid is a glycerol with a functional phosphate attached and 2 fatty acids. • The fatty acid tails are nonpolar or hydrophobic and turn inward away from water • One is saturated and the other is unsaturated. • The phosphate group is polar or hydrophilic and allows this portion to associate with water • So a phospholipid is amphipathic, both polar and nonpolar
Cholesterol • Cholesterol is a type of steroid. • It has many critical roles in the body • It is a component of the plasma membrane found imbedded between phospholipids. • It helps maintain the fluidity of the plasma membrane, preventing it from becoming too fluid or too rigid. • Cholestrol is also critical to the production of hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
Proteins • Made of monomers called amino acids • These amino acids are linked together to form peptide bonds. • Proteins are very large and diverse • There are 20 different amino acids and proteins range from 100s to 10,000 amino acids in length. • Each amino acid has a unique “R” group • Each protein has 3 levels of structure and some have 4.
Protein structure • The 3D structure of a protein is critical to its function. • The 10 level is the sequence of amino acids • The 20 level is the result of H bonding causes the polypeptide chain to coil and fold • The 30 level is globular and is the result of a variety of interactions including hydrophobic and hydrophilic, ionic, covalent, and more H bonds
How does a protein work? • A protein’s 3D shape is directly related to the role it plays. • Jobs: receptors, signals, antibodies, transport, enzymes, structural fibers • A specific receptor in a cell is designed to fit with a specific signal protein the shapes are complementary and fit together like a “lock n key”. • The result is called the enzyme-substrate complex. The active site of the enzyme fits directly with the substrate. • Enzymes can also have helpers: coenzymes or cofactors. Many of these are essential vitamins and minerals, like Vitamin D which assists the body in the uptake of calcium. • Active site
Denature • Denaturation results when a protein has lost its shape. • What can cause this change? • Elevated temperature • Altered pH, either high or low • Increased salinity • A protein can be permanently altered by denaturing or can be altered temporarily if the process does not impede the primary sequence of amino acids. • The denatured shape disrupts the “lock n key”
Enzymes are proteins • Enzymes function as catalyst in the human body. • Increasing the rate of a reaction by lowering the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur (activation energy EA) • Reactions can be endergonic (energy in)or exergonic (energy out). • The addition of an enzyme will speed them up. • But if the environment changes within the body, critical enzymes can be denatured and reactions can slow down or stop.
Nucleic Acids • Made of monomers called nucleotides • Each nucleotide subunit is made of a single phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen base. • Nucleotides can function alone, ex ATP or ADP • Or be linked together to form DNA and RNA. • DNA- deoxyribose nucleic acid • RNA – ribose nucleic acid
DNA and RNA • DNA is used to store the human genetic code • Double helix with 2 strands held together with weak H bonds • DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell and each cell has a complete copy of that persons genetic code • RNA is a single strand molecule found throughout the cell as one of 4 types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA • They all play a role in the function and reproduction of a cell and protein synthesis.
DNA fingerprinting • Each person has a unique set of genes • This unique set is present in most of the cells of our body. • A DNA fingerprint is used to match that DNA to a specific person. • The DNA is extracted from a cell and then copies are made in a PCR machine. • The amplified sample is then digested into pieces, and the pieces are separated using gel electrophoresis. • A picture is then produced called the DNA fingerprint.
