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Framing (part 2) Ideological frames vs. Passive Frames vs. Narrative frames

Framing (part 2) Ideological frames vs. Passive Frames vs. Narrative frames. Ideological Frames. Worldviews or overarching perspectives, which influence the presentation/communication of information Could also be called “special interest” frames

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Framing (part 2) Ideological frames vs. Passive Frames vs. Narrative frames

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  1. Framing (part 2) Ideological frames vs. Passive Frames vs. Narrative frames

  2. Ideological Frames • Worldviews or overarching perspectives, which influence the presentation/communication of information • Could also be called “special interest” frames • Examples of ideological frames (from lecture #3): critical democratic frame, development frame, environmental frame, real estate frame • Could include other special interest frames/perspectives, i.e. nationalism, etc… • A journalist may/may not subscribe to an obvious ideological frame • A news story might cover multiple ideological frames

  3. Passive Framing • Occurs when one source’s “ideological” or “special interest” frame achieves prominence over others • Could be intentional/unintentional from the journalist’s perspective How does it happen? • The sources frame the news story, (sometimes) because… • Maybe the journalist or editor has an agenda/bias? • Misleading or inaccurate attribution/citation? • Omission of information or competing perspectives? • Deadline pressure?

  4. Narrative Framing • How is the story told? • The journalist’s storytelling (or narrative) approach can influence the “underlying message” in the story - - i.e. can offer more salience to particular “ideological frames” • Narrative frames are practical frames

  5. Straight news account: No dominant narrative frame other than outlining the basic who, what, when where, why and how • Conflict Story: A focus on conflict inherent to the situation or brewing among the players • Consensus Story: An emphasis on the points of agreement around an issue or event • Conjecture Story: A focus around conjecture or speculation of what is to come • Process Story: An explanation of the process of something or how something works • Historical Outlook: How the current news fits into history • Horse Race: Who is winning and who is losing • Trend Story: The news as an ongoing trend • Policy Explored: A focus on exploring policy and its impact • Reaction Story: A response or reaction from one of the major players • Reality Check: A close look into the veracity of a statement made or information given • Wrongdoing Exposed: The uncovering of wrongdoing or injustice • Personality Profile: A profile of the newsmaker From: “Triggers, Frames and Underlying Messages” http://www.journalism.org/node/447

  6. Define “Trigger” • “What ‘triggered’ each story to become news in the first place. Was a poll released? Did a news maker make a statement? Did the news organization decide to engage in enterprise on this topic? We called this factor the trigger.” • The Pew Institute identified 19 triggers in a study The five most common triggers: • Statement by government newsmaker • News organization enterprise • Analysis or interpretation • Preview of event • Release of report or poll From: “Triggers, Frames and Underlying Messages” http://www.journalism.org/node/447

  7. Underlying Messages • Definition - subtle reinforcement of ideological frames in a news story • Example: “Freedom fighter” vs. “terrorist” How it all fits together! • Triggers influence narrative frames • Narrative frames influence underlying messages • Passive frames (from sources) reinforce or compete with underlying messages in the news story • Underlying messages reinforce ideological frames

  8. Examples of “underlying messages” • Protectiveness: Protectiveness included messages such as life should be risk-free and certain groups or ideas should not be slighted. • Littleguyism: The individual is favored over the system and the institution. Life outside big cities is pure and uncomplicated. Nostalgia for how things used to be: New ideas are dangerous; modern advances make life worse. • Optimism: Perseverance pays off; modern advances make life better; people deserve another chance. 
Anti-Establishmentarianism: The system doesn't work or judges unfairly; government can't get anything right. • Realism: Nobody is perfect; we go over board protecting certain groups or ideas. • Distrustfulness: Most everyone is a liar; big business is greedy; politicians are in it for the money. • Fatalism: People get what they deserve; nothing ever changes or gets done. From: “Triggers, Frames and Underlying Messages” http://www.journalism.org/node/447

  9. FRAMING EXERCISE 2 10 min. to read, 10 min. to discuss in small groups, 10 min. to share… • Identify the “trigger” • Identify the “narrative frame” • Identify any “underlying messages” • Do underlying messages strengthen any “ideological” or “special interest” framing of the news story?

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