Building a safer Information Society

1. Building a safer Information Society Phillip Webb, CEO Police Information Technology Organisation, United Kingdom

2. The Policing Environment in the United Kingdom

3. Policing in the UK There are over 170,000 Police Officers plus 100,000 support staff throughout the UK (population 57M), • 43 police forces in England and Wales (Home Office), • 8 police forces in Scotland (Scottish Executive), • Police Service for Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland Office), • Numerous non-geographic police forces (MoD, BTP, Parks, UKAEA, etc) • No national Police Force – SOCA (Home Office)

4. North Wales Police • North Yorkshire Police • Northamptonshire Police • Northumbria Police • Nottinghamshire Police • South Wales Police • South Yorkshire Police • Staffordshire Police • Suffolk Constabulary • Surrey Police • Sussex Police • Thames Valley Police • Warwickshire Police • West Mercia Constabulary • West Midlands Police • West Yorkshire Police • Wiltshire Constabulary S1. Central Scotland Police S2. Dumfries & Galloway Constabulary S3. Fife Constabulary S4. Grampian Police S5. Lothian & Borders Police S6. Northern Constabulary S7. Strathclyde Police S8. Tayside Police Avon & Somerset Constabulary Bedfordshire Police Cambridgeshire Constabulary Cheshire Constabulary City of London Police Cleveland Police Cumbria Constabulary Derbyshire Constabulary Devon & Cornwall Constabulary Dorset Police Durham Constabulary Dyfed-Powys Police Essex Police Gloucestershire Constabulary Greater Manchester Police Gwent Police Hampshire Constabulary Hertfordshire Constabulary Humberside Police Kent Police Lancashire Constabulary Leicestershire Constabulary Lincolnshire Police Merseyside Police Metropolitan Police Service Norfolk Constabulary UK Geographical Police Forces (2006) S6 S4 S8 S1 S3 S5 S7 S2 30 11 7 6 28 19 21 42 24 15 33 4 27 8 31 23 34 26 22 41 40 3 29 35 12 39 2 13 18 32 16 14 38 5 25 1 43 20 36 17 37 10 9

5. Primary Business Aim To Reduce Crime and the Fear of Crime

6. Doctrine Intelligence Led Policing

7. Mission Delivering superior knowledge at the point of decision

8. Policing in the UK Public perceptions on which Policing in the UK is founded, • Policing by consent, public trust in the Criminal Justice institutions, • Local accountability for the services they provide, • Police should have access to the information they need to protect society from dangerous people, • Public expectation that the police exploit technology effectively.

9. Police Information Technology Organisation • Established as a Non Departmental Public Body (NDPB) in 1998 by act of Parliament, • Parent Department – Home Office, • Tripartite Governance, Home Office, ACPO and APA with representation from Scottish and Northern Irish equivalent bodies, • PITO Executive are Public Servants employed by PITO with 10-15% of the staff seconded directly from stakeholder organisations.

10. Police Information Technology Organisation • Funded directly by the Home Office through ‘Grant in Aid’ with a minority of service costs directly recovered from users, • Budget for FY2006/7 is £518M with a total staff complement of around 700 including 65 serving Police Officers, • Fulfilling the roles of Intelligent Customer, Supplier Manager and Accreditation Authority for the Police Service.

11. Delivering superior knowledge to the point of decision • PITO manages an extensive portfolio of infrastructure and business application programmes, • All compliant with, or convergent to the ISS4PS, • PITO delivers the technology which enables business change to be implemented, • A centre of excellence for Business Benefits Management PITO supports police forces in implementing change and realising Business Benefits. ‘Compelling Business Drivers with Enabling Technology’

12. Case Studies Aspects of the Information Management challenge in the UK Police Service, • Airwave – reaching the point of decision, • IDENT – knowing who you are dealing with, • ANPR – capitalising on what you already know, • IMPACT – sharing what you know.

13. Airwave National Digital Wireless Infrastructure

14. Airwave • Conceived in the mid-1990’s by ACPO, • nation wide solution - England, Wales & Scotland, • able to be shared by all emergency services, • PFI outsource under Government financing guidelines, 15 year contract per force, • open standard – TETRA, • total cost £4.0B over 19 years.

15. Unarmed Mway Officers D Div AfoS Armed Suspect B Div Dog Handler Cumbria Armed Officers Feb ‘98 Firearms incident

16. Armed Suspect 8 officers, 4 CRs, 4 channels VHF Forcewide UHF D Div UHF B Div UHF Cumbria

17. Core Functionality • Core Airwave Service provides guaranteed coverage of 98% on all major roads and 96% for all minor roads throughout the UK, • Integrated surface, Air-to-Ground and inshore costal coverage, • Inter-operation with commercial mobile phone networks, • Integrated mobile data services, • Encryption to National Security Standards, • Unit location monitoring and remote sensing.

18. Airwave Deployment • PFI Service Supplier mmO2, • Deployment commenced September 2001, • Deployment completed on target to all 52 forces by May 2005, • A total of 51 forces have now fully migrated to Airwave, • Over 160,000 officers are now using Airwave operationally.

19. Airwave Deployment • Police Service for Northern Ireland is deploying a TETRA system which is compatible with Airwave, • The provision of enhanced national resilience to meet increased threat is now underway, • Special coverage is being provided in partnership with commercial infrastructure suppliers, i.e.. London Underground, Channel Tunnel etc.

20. Lessons form Early Use • Coverage and reliability dramatically improved, • Encryption delivering real operational benefit, • Seamless inter-operability across forces boundaries, • Mobile Data: direct links to local and national systems provide beat officers with much improved intelligence and reduces the need to return to the station, • Ambulance and Fire Service have now chosen Airwave for national deployment.

21. IDENT: National Automated Biometric Identification Management System

22. National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS) • Established 1998 for England and Wales, • Fingerprints only, 10 rolled and 10 flats, • Directly coupled to PNC and key force and national systems, • Currently holds, 6.2M records on individuals, • This represents 15% of the UK adult population (19% male population and 12% female population).

23. National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS) • Prints generally captured electronically by ‘Livescan’ devices, • Some forces still employ ink and paper, • A match against a known record is generally achieved within 2 minutes, • There are currently over 1.1M unknown scene of crime marks on the system.

24. INDENT • Service commenced 1st April 2005, replacing NAFIS, for England, Wales and Scotland, • Existing fingerprint and palms information were migrated to the system with direct link to the DNA database and PNC, • IDENT hold multiple sets of an individuals fingerprints, • Facial Identification National Database (FIND) programme is designed to migrate existing ‘mug shots’ to IDENT in a common data format.

25. Biometric information regularly recorded, Finger prints, Palm prints, DNA, Facial Image, Distinguishing marks, Potential Biometric features; Dental, Iris, Voice, Ear Prints, Gate. Biometric Identification

26. Biometric Identification • IDENT is the foundation on which biometric identification for UK Law Enforcement Agencies will be based, • New legislation has increased significantly the volume of biometric information retained, • Biometric Identification are now being employed by a number of other agencies across government, Identity Card, UK Passports, e-Boarders and Driving Licences, • A high level oversight committee has been established to co-ordinate Identity Management across the Home Office.

27. Should Law Enforcements Agencies, at home and abroad, be allowed to harvest the potential provided by these initiatives?

28. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) Employed as a surveillance, detection and intelligence tool

29. ANPR • Employs well established pattern recognition software techniques, similar to congestion charge monitoring for central London, • Successfully employed at the ‘Road Side’ by all UK police forces since the early 1990s, • Now fitted to all traffic vehicles as standard, • On-line checks against local and national registration and intelligence sources, • Yields high arrest to conviction ratio,

30. ANPR • All forces now employ dedicated mobile teams, • Delivers real Value for Money, • Fixed monitoring points established on Motorways and at key Ports, • Early successes with the technology led to enthusiasm to extend its scope and use,

31. The Northampton Experiment Northamptonshire Police in partnership with Northampton City Council agreed to pool there video surveillance assets in a joint initiative to target car and street crime.

32. The Northampton Experiment Established in 2001 the project consists of: • Joint control room, • Integrated set of over 400 public service video cameras all capable of dynamically employing ANPR, • Direct control of the city’s traffic control system, • Dedicated team of rapid response officers.

33. The Northampton Experiment The results have been impressive: • system accuracy is better than 98%, • only serious law breakers where targeted, about 8% of the positive detected, • where theft or driving while disqualified is involved arrests are generally orchestrated in site of a camera, prompting a guilty plea, • Successful vehicle related prosecutions rose by over 50%, • car related crime in the city dropped by a third in the first six months.

34. The Northampton Experiment • analysis of the information captured provides vital intelligence on the movement of local and visiting criminals, • success has stimulated many similar national and local initiatives: • M25 London Orbital Ring, • City of London, • several cities are now deploying Northampton style partnership schemes.

35. Potential for future exploitation • Stimulated a review and subsequent change in current vehicle registration legislation, • Has evolved to be a major covert surveillance, intelligence gathering and investigative tool, • Low cost data capture exploits existing infrastructure, • Cost of integration and analysis yields significant social and financial return, • Intelligence potential is there to be harvested at marginal cost.

36. An impressive capability in fighting crime.Does it raise any concerns?

37. Potential for future exploitation • The UK is arguably the most observed society in the world; with the greatest number of video surveillance cameras per head of population, • The full potential is unrealised due only to the lack of integration, • Video surveillance is generally perceived as reassurance in the UK, but not so elsewhere. At what point will integration change public perception?

38. IMPACT Programme:Information Sharing Initiative which delivers an national Intelligence Capability to meet the recommendations of the Bichard Inquiry

39. Impact Programme • Inspired by the Bichard Inquiry into the Soham murders in 2003, • Major Business Change Programme, managed by the Home Office and led by ACPO, • Challenges Police Business Practice and sharing culture and the interpretation of privacy laws, • Accelerated adoption of the National Intelligence Model (NIM) by all Law Enforcement Agencies, • Substantial enabling technology requirement.

40. Impact Programme • Key objective to deliver a national information sharing environment for the police, its partners and stakeholders, • A massive integration exercised based on a far from green field site, • Co-ordinated delivery of the ISS4PS and the adherence to national standards, • Early win the delivery of a National Nominal Index in 2005.

41. National Information Sharing Police National Computer • Names (6.7M) • Vehicles (57M) • Stolen property PNC

42. National Information Sharing IDENT • Biometric Management system, finger prints, palms, DNA, Facial, etc. • 6.2M records IDENT PNC

43. National Information Sharing Violent and Sexual Offenders Register IDENT PNC ViSOR

44. National Information Sharing IDENT PNC ViSOR PLX Police Local Cross Reference, National nominal index provided for the Criminal Records Bureau for Identity Checks

45. National Information Sharing Schengen Information System Subset of PNC linked to all EC Law Enforcement Agencies IDENT SIS PNC ViSOR PLX

46. National Information Sharing Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems IDENT SIS PNC ViSOR PLX Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems

47. National Information Sharing Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems Central Information Service IDENT SIS PNC ViSOR PLX Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems

48. National Information Sharing Local Data Sharing Local Data Sharing Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems Central Information Service NAFIS SIS PNC ViSOR Local Data Sharing Local Data Sharing PLX Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems

49. National Information Sharing Local Data Sharing Local Data Sharing Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems Central Information Service NAFIS Regional Data Sharing Regional Data Sharing SIS PNC ViSOR Local Data Sharing Local Data Sharing PLX Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems

50. National Information Sharing Local Data Sharing Local Data Sharing Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems National Data Exchange Local Legacy Systems Central Information Service NAFIS Regional Data Sharing Regional Data Sharing SIS PNC ViSOR Local Data Sharing Local Data Sharing PLX Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems Local Legacy Systems Single Point Data Access