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1. The Middle East: Oil and the Arab-Israeli Conflict History 106
May 20, 2009
3. Reminder Readings this week (Week 8): Bentley and Ziegler, chapter 39; Ayatollah Khomeini on “Crimes of the Shah,” 1976. Continue reading either Dumb Luck or Jasmine.
New: Study guides for Jasmine and for Dumb Luck now on line
Final exam is scheduled for Wednesday, June 10, 10:15-12:15. I’ll have the instructions and essay question handout available by June 1.
4. History summer classes
5. Students Sing the Praises of UO Summer History Courses
6. History summer classes
7. History summer classes
8. Our Distinguished Professors Enjoy the Campus in Summer
9. History summer classes:Group-satisfying and/or multi-cultural
10. Automobility: Dream and Reality
11. Oil and the Environment Extracting Oil
Transporting Oil
Burning Oil
At right, NASA photo of Kuwait oil well fires residue, 1991
12. Santa Barbara Oil Spill 1969
13. Largest Oil Tanker Spill: The Prestige, off Spanish Coast 2002 About 63,000 tons of oil (80% of tanker’s cargo) spills
About twenty million gallons
Damage to wildlife (about Ľ million seabirds killed) and coastal societies
At right, the tanker’s hull split in two.
14. Gulf War Oil Well Fires, 1991
15. A Note on Coal and the Environment Coal’s dirty history
London and the Great Smog 0f 1952 (at right)
Mining fires, explosions, collapses (see below)
A “Clean Coal” future?
16. Geography of Oil Oil geologist Ernest DeGolyer, 1944: “The center of gravity of world oil production is shifting…to the Middle East—to the Persian Gulf area.”
17. Oil, the CIA and the Third World: Iran 1953 Prime Minister Mossadegh nationalizes Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
CIA coup – “Operation Ajax” video clip, c.10 min, on coup
Shah of Iran as American ally until 1979 Islamic Revolution
18. “The Seven Sisters”
19. Oil Producers Seek Control Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) forms 1960
Middle East dominance
Battling against surplus
Long and short-term interests
Peak oil in the United States--1970
20. The Oil Weapon Oil mixes with Arab-Israeli Conflict.
1973-74 Oil Embargo on US due to US military aid to Israel
Oil price shock and the end of the Post-War Boom era
Arab oil revenues fuel Middle East arms buildup.
Producing nations nationalize extraction.
24. The Too-promised Land: the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1948-2009 Part Two
25. Obama and Netanyahu Meet this Week
26. Toward Zionist Independence/Toward Al-Nakba Theodor Herzl and the Zionist dream
“A Land without People for a People without Land”?
The Palestinian Presence
British rule and the Balfour Declaration (1917)
27. Conflict and the End of the British Mandate, 1948 Rivals under the reign of the British Empire
A bi-national secular nation or a Jewish state?
Britain agrees to give up its mandate, UN approves
Israel declares independence, bordering states declare war, 1948
28. UN Plan for Partition, 1947 The United Nations voted to partition Palestine between a Jewish territory (shown in blue) and a Palestinian one (in red). The zones were to be economically integrated.
Israel reluctantly accepted, Arabs rejected this. As Israel prepared for independence in May 1948, Arab nations attacked.
29. Al-Nakba (“The Catastrophe”) The 1948-49 war was a catastrophe for Palestinians.
About 700,000 fled and became refugees in camps in Arab lands.
Israel ended up controlling most of the land the UN had designated for Palestinians. Hopes for a bi-national (Jewish and Palestinian) state or a separate Palestinian one were crushed.
30. Palestinian Refugees and the “Right of Return” Hundreds of thousands of refugees and their descendants have lived in camps in surrounding Arab states.
Many still aren’t considered citizens of the nations they reside in.
Israelis have consistently denied Palestinians the right to return to Israel
Jews around the world who emigrate to Israel have an almost automatic claim to Israeli citizenship.
32. Israel grew rapidly with survivors of the Nazi holocaust and Jews from Arab lands arriving.
Originally focused on the institution of the Kibbutz (semi-socialist communitarian rural settlements), Israel has evolved into a wealthy, urbanized modern society, basically capitalist, one with nuclear weapons and a powerful army.
33. 1967: The Six Day War Anticipating an attack by Arab nations, Israel launched a war in June 1967
By destroying much of the Egyptian air force on the ground, Israel gained air predominance
The Six Day War was another historic defeat for the Arabs.
34. Israeli Occupation after 1967 War Israel’s seizure of Gaza Strip, the West Bank of the Jordan River, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights made them military rulers over a million overwhelmingly Moslem Palestinians.
It also heightened resistance among groups linked together in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
35. Israel as Regional Superpower: The Consequences 1978: Camp David Agreements—Egypt recognizes Israel
Arab Nations Fear Israel’s Military Power
Palestinian Resistance
Secular: Yasir Arafat and the PLO
Islamic: Hamas (in Palestine) and Hezbollah (in Lebanon)
36. “Facts on the Ground” As a result of agreements in the mid 1990s, the PLO agreed to recognize Israel’s right to exist. Israel less clearly agreed to accept the creation of a Palestinian state.
By the new century, a Palestinian Authority under the leadership of Yasser Arafat had limited power in the West Bank and Gaza.
However, a Second Intifada began late in 2000
In 2007, following an election victory in Gaza, Hamas took over control of that territory.
37. Solutions and Obstacles A two-state solution?
Oslo agreements 1993 and 1995
Israel and Palestine as two nations with secure borders and viable territorial boundaries
Obstacles
Israeli settlements
Palestinian demands for a right of return to Israel
Control of Jerusalem
Palestinian divisions and radical Islam
Israeli right-wing opposition