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The Middle East

The Middle East. Conflict leads to Conflict. Arab Nationalism. Following WWII who would replace the Ottoman Empire? Ottomans weren’t a country and were only united by language and religion League of Nations creates Middle Eastern States

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The Middle East

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  1. The Middle East Conflict leads to Conflict

  2. Arab Nationalism • Following WWII who would replace the Ottoman Empire? • Ottomans weren’t a country and were only united by language and religion • League of Nations creates Middle Eastern States • Weren’t concerned with Ethnic or Religious ties = people had no strong ties to their country

  3. Problems of Palestine • 1917 Balfour Declaration – Great Britain states its intentions to create an Israeli State • Angers Muslims in Palestine -98% of pop. • Persecution and the Balfour Dec. = 450,000 Jews by 1939 • British fearing Arab Nationalism try to limit Jewish Immigration • Signals the trouble to come

  4. The Question of Palestine • Zionists – People who wanted Palestine as a home for Jews – Holocaust gains support for Jews • In 1948, a UN resolution divided Palestine into a Jewish State and an Arab state • May 14, 1948, Jews in Palestine proclaimed the State of Israel • Arab Muslims felt betrayed and invaded • Fails – but refuse to recognize Israel

  5. Nasser and Pan-Arabism • Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser takes control of Egypt in the 1950s • July 26, 1956, Egypt seizes control of the Suez Canal Co. under British and French control • Britain, France, and Israel attack began the Suez War of 1956 • US and Soviets support Nasser force withdraw of troops • Nasser begins to promote Pan-Arabism-Arab unity • Many fearful – they don’t want to revenue share

  6. Arab-Israeli Dispute • In 1967 Nasser imposed a blockade against Israel • June 5, 1967 Israel launched air strikes against Egypt and other Arab countries • Israeli army broke the blockade and occupied the Sinai Peninsula • Israel seized territory on the West Bank of the Jordan River, occupied Jerusalem, and took control of the Golan Heights • During the b-day War, Israel tripled her territory • Arab States demanded the return of the occupied territories • Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar el-Sadat

  7. Cont. • In 1975, Sadat attacks Israel-ended by UN cease-fire in 1976 • In 1960s many Arab oil-producing states created OPEC • In 1973, OPEC announces large increases in the price of oil to foreign countries – led to shortages and economic problems in the US and Europe • In 1977, Carter began pressing for a compromise between Arabs and Israelis • September 1978 – Camp David Accords - An agreement to sign an Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty signed by Sadat and Begin

  8. THE PLO and the Intifada • 1964 Egyptians lead the formation of the PLO – Palestinian Liberation Organization • Believed only Palestinians had the right to create a state in Palestine • A guerilla movement called al-Fatah led by PLO leader Yasir Arafat began launching attacks on Israel • 1980s haven’t achieved self-rule so they became more militant

  9. Cont. • Creates a movement called intifada or uprising among PLO supporters living in Israel • In 1993 Israel and PLO reach an agreement calling for Palestinian autonomy in certain areas in return the PLO recognized the Israeli State • Yasir Arafat became the head of the area known as the Palestinian Authority

  10. Revolution in Iran • Shah Pahlavi and oil helped Iran become a rich country • Iran was the chief ally of the US • Many devout Muslims disliked the New Iran – blamed the US • Muslim clergy member Ayotollah Khomeini leads opposition • 1n 1979 Shah’s government collapses and is replaced by an Islamic Republic • Militants executed supporters of the Shah and take the American Embassy hostage

  11. Iraq’s Aggression • Controlled by Saddam Hussein since 1979 • Large religious conflict with Iran • Iran mostly Shiite • Iraq mostly Sunnis • Iraq attacked Iran in 1980 • Used poison gas against civilians • Used children to clear minefields • Ceasefire in 1988 • 1990 invaded Kuwait – Persian Gulf War

  12. Afghanistan and the Taliban • After WWII the King of Afghanistan needed economic aid so he creates close ties with the Soviet Union • King is overthrown by his cousin who is removed during a pro-soviet coup • New leaders Nur Taraki and Babrak Karmal attempt to create a Communist Gov but those who want an Islamic State oppose • Karmal calls Soviets for aid-full scale invasion • Soviets occupied for 10 years but forced to withdraw by anti-communist forces supported by US and Pakistan • Various Islamic rebel groups left to fight for control • By 1998, Taliban controlled over 2/3 of the country

  13. Society and Culture • Islamic Revival – Reassertion of cultural identity, formal religious observance, family values, and morality

  14. Islamic Militants • Hostile of Western Culture – materials, greed, and immorality • Goal is to remove all Western Influence in Muslim Countries • Given people an unfavorable impression of Islam • Islamic Jihad

  15. Women’s Roles • 1970s general trend toward a greater role for women • Since then there has been a shift toward more traditional roles

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