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14.4 Workers of the Nation Unite

14.4 Workers of the Nation Unite. Objectives: 1. Describe the exploitation of workers, including women and children 2. Summarize the emergence and growth of unions. 3. Identify the various types of unions. 4. Explain the violent reactions to industry and government to union strikes.

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14.4 Workers of the Nation Unite

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  1. 14.4 Workers of the Nation Unite Objectives: 1. Describe the exploitation of workers, including women and children 2. Summarize the emergence and growth of unions. 3. Identify the various types of unions. 4. Explain the violent reactions to industry and government to union strikes.

  2. Impact of Industrialization • Urbanization • Long Work Hours and Dangerous Jobs • Children work too • Women’s roles change • Delayed marriages • Smaller families • Accentuated class division • 1900: 1/10 of US owns 9/10 of US’s wealth • 1900: 2/3 of Americans are “wage slaves” • Workers’ lives increasingly precarious

  3. Workers’ Poor Conditions • Factories took the skill out of many positions • VERY dangerous • 1882 – 675 laborers killed a week • RRs – 1 in 300 • Many women and children worked to make ends meet • Children sacrificed their education • 1899 – women earned $269 a year/men earned $498 • That same year Carnegie made $23 million!!

  4. Knights of Labor • Collective effort needed to counter trusts • “An injury to one is the concern of all” • Founded as a secret society in 1868. Why? • Inclusive and Diverse: • men and women • white and black • skilled and unskilled • Broad (utopian? Socialist?) goals • HURT by Haymarket Square riot, 1886, Chicago Knights of Labor Black delegate Frank J. Farrell introduces Terence V. Powderly, head of the Knights of Labor, at the organization's 1886 convention. The Knights were unusual in accepting both black and female workers. (Library of Congress)

  5. The Knights of Labor were weakened by • Stiff competition from the National Labor Union • Its association in the public mind with the Haymarket riot • Its inclusion of both skilled and unskilled workers

  6. American Federation of Labor • Skilled workers split from Knights of Labor 1886 • AF of L was elitist, narrow in goals – not utopian • Led by Samuel Gompers used collective bargaining • Avoided politics and focused on union goals: • Better wages • Eight-hour day • Better working conditions • AF of L successful in many of its strikes and in meeting many of its goals

  7. AF of LABOR • KNIGHTS • OF LABOR

  8. What did the video yesterday show about the responses to labor action during this period of industrialization?

  9. SOCIALISM AND THE IWW • Eugene V. Debs founds American Railway Union and opens it to all laborers • Debs embraces socialism • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) AKA Wobblies, organized by Debs for unskilled workers, socialist goals. • Gave dignity and sense of solidarity to unskilled workers barred from other groups What is Socialism? Why were people in favor of it?

  10. STRIKES GREAT STRIKE OF 1877 Railroad strike Paralyzed rail & commerce Pres. Hayes Sent US troops to end it CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT HAYMARKET AFFAIR 1886 Labor march Bomb thrown Several deaths 8 Anarchists arrested 4 hanged, 1 suicide PUBLIC TURNS AGAINST LABOR HOMESTEAD STRIKE 1892 STEEL STRIKE Protest work & living conditions Pinkerton Detectives protect scabs, Several deaths US troops end it WEAKENS LABOR PULLMAN STRIKE 1893 Pullman Comp. cuts wages during Panic of 1893 Does not raise after ends Workers strike US troops end it Debs arrested Workers Blacklisted LABOR WEAK

  11. Strikes Turn Violent http://www.edteck.com/dbq/dbquest/quest11.htm

  12. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • What were some of the problems that led to the death of 145 in the fire? • EFFECTS: • 54-hour maximum work week for women and minors • Prohibition on Sunday work • Abolition of labor for children under 14

  13. Women and Govt. in the labor movements WOMEN GOVERNMENT • Companies began to work to weaken unions. • “Yellow Dog” contracts • Claimed it hurt interstate commerce • Public would become angry • “Mother” Jones • Women began to organize labor movements

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