Chapter 14.4

1. Chapter 14.4 Challenges of the late middle ages 1000-1500

2. 14.4- Religious Crisis • Heresy • One major challenge facing Europe in the late middle ages was heresy- beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the church. • 1100’s heresy was increasing • The main heresy was questioning the role of the clergy and sacraments • They dealt with heretics by inquisitions- legal proceedings to determine if the accused was guilty. If guilt punished, usually put to death • Dealt with by increasing Christian teachings • Dealt with by going on a crusade against heretics that believed in dualism in Northern France (21 years at war)

3. 14.4- Religious Crisis • The Papacy in Dispute • The pope moved the papal state to Avignon do to fighting in Rome. Pope’s resided there for 70 years • Pope Gregory XI moved the papal state back to Rome • Once he died their was a dispute on who would be the next Pope, two men claimed power… one in Avignon and one in Rome • This confusion weakened the Pope’s power and the churches

4. 14.4-Wars and Conflict • Hundred Year’s War • 1328 the French King died without a son, the nearest relative was his nephew. King Edward III of England. But he had a young cousin the French king named Regent • England wanted to rule both countries and France did not want an English ruler so they crowned the Regent, Philip VI King. • King Edward of England invaded France starting the Hundred Year’s War • English won most battles due to superior weapons like the long bow and cannon • The war lasted so long new leaders came into power • The new King of England, Henry V marched to the gates of Paris • However a young peasant girl, Joan of Arc helped change the war • Joan believed the saints told her to lead the French Army and the Prince let her. She led the French to many victories in battlebefore being captured and burned at the stake. • After her death the King of France rallied his armies and slowly took back the land the English had claim in France • By 1453 the French had pushed the English our of France

5. 14.4 Wars and Conflicts • Wars of the Roses • Right after peace was made with France, two families in England fought over the Throne • Lancasters- Red Rose • Yorks- White Rose • Yorks won the throne in 1461, King Edward VI • After he died his sons disappeared • His brother Richard took the throne but could not settle the uprisings in England, he was killed in battle • With his death marked a new era in English rule, The Tudors • Henry VII took the throne, he was from one of the most influential families in England the Tudors. Also he was married to a York and related to the lancasters. • This ended the Wars of the Roses

6. 14.4-The Black Death • Black Death • A devastating plague that swept the continent that occurred during the time of the Hundred Year’s War from 1347-1351 • We still don’t know what the diseases was • One theory it was the Bubonic plague spread by rats and fleas • Second theory it was the pneumonic plague spread through air from person to person

7. 14.4-The Black Death • Origins • 1346 the plague hit Mongol armies sieging the Black Sea port • Infecting rats and fleas were on ships and bit merchants and traders who spread it to all the areas they went to trade. • Course of the Disease • Almost always fatal • Large dark spots on the skin • High fever, vomiting, and headaches • Once caught usually dead in days • Very contagious

8. 14.4-The Black Death • Effects • Some people believed God was punishing them so they beat themselves and blamed the clergy • Some people turned to witchcraft • Some blamed the Jews and said they poisoned the wells and massacred entire Jewish communities • Brought an end to the manorial system, many workers died so the ones left demanded more pay • Many manors were left Vacant so the wealth bought the land and started estates which took less manual labor, helping end the manorial system • Europe and China both lost one-third of their population