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Nervous System

Nervous System. Functions of Nervous System. The body’s control and communication center Responds to stimuli in environment Initiates nerve impulses in muscles and glands. Response to Stimuli. Sensory Input – (int. or ext.) Sensory receptors Integration Processing

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Nervous System

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  1. Nervous System

  2. Functions of Nervous System • The body’s control and communication center • Responds to stimuli in environment • Initiates nerve impulses in muscles and glands

  3. Response to Stimuli • Sensory Input – (int. or ext.) • Sensory receptors • Integration • Processing • Control – coordination - communication • Motor Output • Muscles • Glands

  4. Parts of Nervous System • Central Nervous System - Association or interneurons • Brain • Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System - Nerves • Sensory – coming in • Motor – going out

  5. Ependymal Glial Cells Schwann Neurons Satellite Sensory Inter Microglial Astrocytes Motor Oligodendrocytes Cells of Nervous System action potential ~slaves PNS CNS

  6. Neurons • Conduct action potential (nerve impulse) • Electrically excitable • Have 2 types of processes (axons & dendrites) • Neurons HAVE synapses that use neurotransmitters

  7. Neurotransmitters • Chemicals release from axon terminals (presynaptic knobs) [~pitchers] • Diffuse across synapse • Land on receptors on dendrites (~catchers)

  8. Glial Cells • Glial cells do NOT have chemical synapses. • Glial cells have a resting potential, but they cannot generate an action potential • There are many MORE (10-50 times more) glial cells in the brain compared to the number of neurons. • ~slaves

  9. Schwann Cells • PNS • Insulation for neurons of PNS

  10. Satellite Cells • PNS • Physical support

  11. Astrocytes • CNS • Star shaped • Physical & nutritional support • Anchors neurons • Transports nutrients to neurons • Digests parts of dead neurons • Cleans up brain debris • Regulates contents of extracellular space

  12. Microglial Cells • Similar to astrocytes • Digests dead neurons

  13. Oligodendrocytes • CNS • Provide insulation to neurons of CNS – myelin sheath • (analogous to Schwann Cells)

  14. Ependymal Cells • CNS • Line cavities of CNS • Ciliated – help circulated cerebrospinal fluid • Similar in fx to oligodendrocytes

  15. Nervous System Divisions

  16. Parasympathetic • Autonomic • Normal operating mode • Your “at rest & repair” state

  17. Sympathetic • Autonomic • Emergency overdrive- “fight or flight” • “save the brain” • Send oxygen • Send glucose (ATP)

  18. Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Slows heart rate

  19. Sympatheticor Parasympathetic? • Dilates bronchi

  20. Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Inhibits peristalsis & digestion

  21. Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Stimulates the release of bile from the liver/gall bladder

  22. Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose

  23. Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla

  24. Sympathetic or Parasympathetic? • Inhibits the external unrinary bladder sphincters

  25. Cranial Nerves • PNS • 12 pairs • Come off brain • #’d anterior to posterior

  26. “On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops"

  27. Sheep Brain • Olfactory bulb (I) • Optic nerve II.Oculomotor nerve III.Trochlear nerve IV.Trigeminal nerve V.Abducens nerve VI.

  28. I - Olfactory • Sensory • Smell

  29. II – Optic • Vision • Sensory

  30. III - Oculomotor • Eye movement • Eyelid movement • Pupil Dilation • Motor

  31. IV - Trochlear • Eye Movement • Superior oblique • Downward & laterally

  32. V - Trigeminal • Somatosenosory info (touch, pain) from face and head • Muscles for chewing

  33. VI - Abducens • Eye movement • Laterally

  34. VII - Facial • Taste – anterior 2/3 • Somatosensory from ears • Controls muscles used in facial expressions • Secretion of tears & saliva

  35. VIII – Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) • Hearing • Balance

  36. Glossopharyngeal - IX • Taste – posterior 1/3 • Somatosensory from tongue, tonsil, pharynx • Controls some muscles used in swallowing • Senses carotid blood pressure

  37. X – Vagus • Sensory, motor, & autonomic fxs of viscera • Glands • Stimulates digestion • Slows heart rate • Senses aortic blood pressure

  38. Spinal Accessory - XI • Controls muscles used in head movement • Trapezius • Sternocleidomastoid • Swallowing

  39. XII - Hypoglossal • Controls tongue movement

  40. Spinal Nerves • PNS • 31 pr • Come off spinal cord • #’d superior to inferior

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