Anatomy and physiology 2210K

1. Anatomy and physiology 2210K Lecture four

2. Albumin – 58% of all plasma protein and plays a part to modulate the blood osmotic concentrations or viscosity. Globulin – 38% of all plasma protein and includes antibodies, immunological substances and also transports hormones Fibrinogen – 4% of plasma proteins and includes platelets and other blood clotting agents. Slide 2 – Colloidal solution

3. Slide 3 – Composition of blood

4. Fetus – hematopoiesis occurs in the liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow Adults – hematopoiesis occurs in the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, proximal femur and proximal humerus Slide 4 - Hematopoiesis

5. Slide 5 – Stem cell and blood cells production

6. Slide 6 – Proerythroblast

7. Slide 7 - Myeloblast

8. Slide 8 - Lymphoblast

9. Slide 9 - Monoblasts

10. Slide 10 - Megakaryoblast

11. Slide 11 – Blood cell types (general)

12. Slide 12 – Erythrocytes and hemoglobin

13. Slide 13 – Heme and hemoglobin

14. Slide 14 – Erythropoietin and kidneys

15. Slide 15 – Carbonic acid and carbon dioxide transport 7% of CO2 is transported in simple dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma 23% of CO2 is transported back to the lungs via erythrocytes 70% of CO2 is transported in the form of carbonic acid which is also the buffer that keeps our blood at ~7.4 PH

16. Slide 16 – Carbonic anhydrase and conversion of carbonic acid

17. Slide 17 – life cycle of a red blood cell

18. Slide 18 – Leuokocytes diapedesis and chemotaxis (migration)

19. Slide 19 – Neutrophil (granulocytes)

20. Slide 20 – Eosinophil (granulocytes)

21. Slide 21 – Basophils (granulocytes)

22. Slide 22 – Lymphocytes (agranulocytes)

23. Slide 23 – Primary and secondary immune response – macrophage and antigen

24. Slide 24 – Macrophage and primary response of B cells

25. Slide 25 – B-cell proliferation

26. Slide 26 – Primary and secondary immune response

27. Slide 27 - Immunoglobulins

28. Slide 28 – FAB and FC regions of the antibody

29. Slide 29 - Antibody

30. Agglutination – antibodies gathers on the surface of a foreign body and began to bound together in a clump Precipitation – the clump becomes so large and so insoluble it begins to settle or precipitates Neutralization – antibodies can also cover the sites on a bacteria etc. that may be toxic Lysis – some specialized antibodies can actually bind and directly attack the foreign object by penetrating their cellular membranes. Slide 30 - immunoresponse

31. Slide 31 – Cytotoxic T-cells

32. Slide 32 – T-helper cells

33. Slide 33 – T-suppressor cells

34. Slide 34 – Monocytes and macrophages

35. Slide 35 – Mast cells

36. Slide 36 – Platelets

37. Slide 37 – Maturation of megakaryocytes

38. Slide 38 – hemostasis – platelet plug

39. Slide 39 – Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

40. Slide 40 – Blood clot

41. Slide 41 - Anticoagulants • Antithrombin – plasma protein produced by the liver is used to deactivate thrombin • Heparin – produced by basophiles and endothelial cells increases the potency of antithrombin where combined with antithrombin it quickly deactivates thrombin • Prostacyclin – produced by the endothelial cells of the damaged blood vessel to counter the actions of thrombin. Prostacyclin causes vasodilatation and inhibits the release of coagulation factors from platelets

42. Slide 42 - fibrinolysis

43. Slide 43 – ABO blood type

44. Slide 44 - Rh-factor and HDN

45. Slide 45 - HDN

46. Slide 46 – Human heart

47. Slide 47 - Pericardium

48. Slide 48 – Muscle structure of the heart

49. Slide 49 – External anatomy of the heart – anterior view

50. Slide 50 - External anatomy of the heart – posterior view