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CHAPTER 6 FORGING A NEW REPUBLIC

CHAPTER 6 FORGING A NEW REPUBLIC. CH. 6-1 WASHINGTON BECOMES PRESIDENT. ORGANIZING THE GOVERNMENT. Washington elected President February 1789 John Adams became Vice President Inauguration Day – April 30, 1789 Washington took the Oath of Office in New York City

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CHAPTER 6 FORGING A NEW REPUBLIC

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  1. CHAPTER 6 FORGING A NEW REPUBLIC CH. 6-1 WASHINGTON BECOMES PRESIDENT

  2. ORGANIZING THE GOVERNMENT • Washington elected President February 1789 • John Adams became Vice President • Inauguration Day – April 30, 1789 • Washington took the Oath of Office in New York City • Suit made of American broadcloth to encourage American business

  3. Washington gave a short speech and fireworks followed • Washington & Congress went to a church service in Saint Paul’s Church • WASHINGTON CHOOSES A CABINET • 1789-Congress creates the first 3 executive departments • 1) State—domestic and foreign affairs • 2) Treasury—money and banking • 3) War—military • These departments became known as the President’s Cabinet

  4. Washington chose men he trusted • Secretary of War—Henry Knox • Secretary of State—Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of the Treasury—Alexander Hamilton • Attorney General—Edmund Randolph (President’s legal advisor) • Washington & Adams were old opponents • They avoided working closely with each other.

  5. The new government received pressure from Federalists and Anti-Federalists • Federalists led by Hamilton • Anti-Federalists led by Madison and Jefferson (This group became known as Jeffersonian Republicans)

  6. THE FIRST CONGRESS • Only 10 states had joined the government—the first Congress was small • Judiciary Act of 1789—Set up the Supreme Court • 1 Chief Justice—John Jay • 5 Associate Justices • District Courts and Courts of Appeal were also created

  7. SETTLING THE NATION’S DEBT • HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN • 1) Federal Government would take on all Revolutionary War debt-both state and national • Bonds had been sold to pay for the war • People sold bonds to Speculators at less than face value because they needed money • Government would pay face value for the bonds

  8. Speculators would make a profit • Some people thought that was unfair • IMPOSING NEW TAXES • Constitution gave Congress the power to tax • Tariff Act of 1789—tax on imported goods • Excise Tax (1791)—liquor, sugar, snuff, carriages • Very unpopular

  9. Hamilton’s plan to pay off war debt was controversial. • The North had more debt than the South • Southern states didn’t want to pay off Northern debt • Congress rejected this policy several times

  10. COMPROMISE LEADS TO A NEW CAPITAL • Hamilton tries to change Jefferson’s and Madison’s minds • Over dinner, they crafted a compromise • 1790-US Capitol moved from New York to Philadelphia • By 1800-Capitol would move to a new federal city in the South • Southern congressman would pass Hamilton’s economic plan

  11. New city on Potomac River between VA and MD • March 1791—Washington chose French engineer, Pierre Charles L’Enfant to plan the layout of the new capitol • Mathematician Benjamin Banneker, an African-American, was appointed to the planning commission at Jefferson’s request.

  12. Washington like L’Enfant’s plan but Jefferson thought it should be simpler • L’Enfant was eventually dismissed from the project but his plan was followed

  13. DEBATING A NATIONAL BANK • strict construction vs. loose construction • HAMILTON’S BANK PLAN • Article I, Section 8 listed a number of specific, or expressed powers • Hamilton’s bank was example of loose construction (any law necessary or proper)

  14. JEFFERSON OPPOSES THE BANK • He wanted smaller central government • WASHINGTON SIGNS THE BANK BILL • Madison, Jefferson, and Randolph oppose • Washington “greatly perplexed” but didn’t want to veto bank bill • Bank of the United States created February 1791

  15. FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES FORM • THE WHISKEY REBELLION • 1794-Farmers in western PA violently opposed Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey • Rebel farmers rebelled—tax collectors attacked, barns of tattle-tails burned • A crowd of >2,000 threatened Pittsburgh • There was talk of an independent nation

  16. Washington took control • Rebellion would not be tolerated • Militia from VA, MD, NJ—13,000 men • Washington and Hamilton rode out to lead the troops • Surprised farmers scattered. Militia caught and arrested them • 2 were convicted of treason but Washington pardoned them

  17. POLITICAL PARTIES DEVELOP • Most framers thought parties were dangerous • 1790s—Americans became politically divided • Two sides—Jeffersonian Republicans vs. Federalists (Hamilton) • Two-Party System was beginning • Jeffersonian Republicans became known as the Democratic-Republicans

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