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Ions

Ions. Noadswood Science, 2011. Ions. To understand how atoms can become ions. Balloons. How can you make a balloon gain a charge?. -. -. -. -. Balloons. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. -. +. -. -. -. +. +. +. +. +. -. -. -. -. +. +. +. -. +. -.

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Ions

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  1. Ions Noadswood Science, 2011

  2. Ions • To understand how atoms can become ions

  3. Balloons • How can you make a balloon gain a charge?

  4. - - - - Balloons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - + + + + + - - - - + + + - + - + + + attraction - - - + + + + - - - • If the balloon is rubbed on your hair it picks up extra electrons – this makes it negatively charged • Placing the balloon near a neutral object (i.e. the wall) the charges in the object move and cause the balloon to stick (opposite charges attract)… - - The balloon picks up –ve charges when rubbed on your head These –ve charges attract the +ve charges in the wall, and the balloon sticks…

  5. Lightning • Atoms in the sky can become charged - rain droplets fall to Earth with a positive charge – as they do a huge voltage builds up, eventually leading to a huge spark! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

  6. Atoms To Ions • How can reactive metal atoms such as sodium, potassium and magnesium become stable?

  7. Atoms To Ions • Atoms can gain a full outer shell (becoming stable) by either gaining or losing electrons when they react with other atoms • When this reaction occurs atoms become ions • Ions are electrically charged particles, formed when atoms lose or gain electrons – they have a charge because they contain an unequal number of electrons and protons…

  8. Ions • Atoms which lose electrons have more protons than electrons, and so have a positive charge – they are known as positive ions or cations • Atoms which gain electrons have more electrons than protons, and so have a negative charge – they are known as negative ions or anions

  9. Ions • Metal atoms lose electrons and become positively charged ions (cations)

  10. + one electron is lost Na Metal Ions - Sodium Sodium atom: - 11 protons (charge = +11) 11 electrons (charge = -11) Total charge = 0 Sodium ion: - 11 protons (charge = +11) 10 electrons (charge = -10) Total charge = +1 • Electron arrangement 2.8.1 Na Electron arrangement [2.8]+

  11. 2+ two electrons are lost Mg Mg Metal Ions - Magnesium Magnesium atom: - 12 protons (charge = +12) 12 electrons (charge = -12) Total charge = 0 Magnesium ion: - 12 protons (charge = +12) 10 electrons (charge = -10) Total charge = +2 • Electron arrangement 2.8.2 Electron arrangement [2.8]2+

  12. Ions • Non-metal atoms gain electrons and become negatively charged ions (anions) • The name of an anion is slightly different to that of the atom, ending in ‘–ide’

  13. - one electron is gained F F Non-Metal Ions - Fluoride Fluorine atom: - 9 protons (charge = +9) 9 electrons (charge = -9) Total charge = 0 Fluoride ion: - 9 protons (charge = +9) 10 electrons (charge = -10) Total charge = -1 • Electron arrangement 2.7 Electron arrangement [2.8]-

  14. 2- two electrons are gained S S Non-Metal Ions - Sulfide Sulfur atom: - 16 protons (charge = +16) 16 electrons (charge = -16) Total charge = 0 Sulfide ion: - 16 protons (charge = +16) 18 electrons (charge = -18) Total charge = -2 • Electron arrangement 2.8.6 Electron arrangement [2.8.8]2-

  15. Building An Ion

  16. Ions • There is a quick way to work out what the charge on an ion should be: - • The number of charges on an ion formed by a metal is equal to the group number of the metal • The number of charges on an ion formed by a non-metal is equal to the group number minus eight • Hydrogen forms H+ ions Carbon and silicon (group 4) usually form covalent bonds by sharing electrons and the elements in group 0 do not react

  17. Smoke • Many power stations burn fossil fuels such as coal and oil, producing smoke • Smoke comprises tiny solid particles, such as carbon which has not reacted, which can damage buildings and cause breathing difficulties so the smoke is removed from waste gases before they pass out of the chimneys using an electrostatic precipitator…

  18. Smoke • Smoke particles pick up a negative charge • Smoke particles are attracted to the collecting plates • Collecting plates are knocked to remove the smoke particles

  19. Spray Painting • Car bodies are given a negative charge and the paint droplets are given a positive charge • The droplets repel each other so spread out into a fine spray • They are attracted to the oppositely charged car body, producing a smooth even coat

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