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Introduction to Ropivacaine and Dexmedetomidine: Safer Anesthetic Agents

Explore the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of Ropivacaine and Dexmedetomidine, two new local anesthetic agents introduced in the late 1990s. Learn about the lower systemic toxicity and specific benefits of Ropivacaine, such as its selective binding to Na⁺ channels and safer profile compared to Bupivacaine. Discover recommended doses for various procedures and the importance of safe practice with Ropivacaine in different patient populations. Uncover the mechanisms and treatments for local anesthetic toxicity, emphasizing the supportive care and intralipid therapy that can be crucial in such scenarios.

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Introduction to Ropivacaine and Dexmedetomidine: Safer Anesthetic Agents

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  1. INTRODUCTIONOF TWO NEW ANESTHETIC AGENTS Dr.G.k.kumar

  2. RopivacaineDexmeditomedine

  3. Ropivacaine

  4. Ropivacaine • New local anesthetic agent • Introduced in 1996. • In India 2009.

  5. Ropivacaine • Lowersystemictoxicity • Safest long acting local anesthetic agent. *Groban et al. Anesth Analg, 2001. Ohmura et al. Anesth Analg, 2001. Santos et al. Anesthesiology, 2001.

  6. Ropivacaine -Pharmacology

  7. Ropivacaine-Pharmacology • Long acting LA agent. • Aminio amide. • Pure enantiomer -S isomer.

  8. Ropivacaine-Pharmacology • Greaterselectivity for sensoryblockade -bindsselectively to Na⁺channels 1.7 • Shorter motor block *Liu BG et al, AnesAnalg.2000May. Simpsons D et al,2005

  9. Ropivacaine-Pharmacology • Ropivacaine is less lipid soluble. • A smaller volume of distribution. • Greater clearance. • Shorter elimination half-life than bupivacaine. • -Shorter duration of action esp motor blockade – early recovery.

  10. Ropivacaine-Pharmacology • Ropivacaine undergoes hepatic biotransformation and renal excretion • Excreted 86% as metobolites • Safe in CESLD & CESRD *Jokinen MJ et al, Anesthesiology,2007Jan. Jokinen MJ et al,Clinical Anesthesiology,2005

  11. Ropivacaine-Pharmacology • The specific gravity of Ropivacaine Injection -from 1.002 to 1.005 at 25°C. -Isobaric

  12. Ropivacine-Safe Dose • 3-5mg /kg. • Pediatric-1-2mg/kg

  13. Ropivacaine-Epidural dose *Miller’s anesthesia,7th edition

  14. Ropivacaine-Spinal dose *Miller’s anesthesia,7th edition

  15. Ropivacaine – clinical efficacy • When used for spinal anesthesia, 0.75% ropivacaine produces less intense sensory and motor block than 0.5% bupivacaine. • Equipotent to bupivacaine when used for lumbar epidural labor analgesia and C-section.

  16. Ropivacaine – clinical efficacy • In epidural and other blocks bupivacaine and ropivacaine demonstrate similar intensity of sensory anesthesia.

  17. Ropivacaine – clinical efficacy • Ropivacaine motor block -delayed in onset. -less intense. -shorter in duration.

  18. Toxicity • Ropivacaine < Levobupivacaine < Bupivacaine • Even at 50% higher dosage!!! *Dony et al. Anesth Analg, 2000

  19. Toxicity • Tolerated blood conc. level [ROP] >> [BUP] = [LBUP] • Mortality: BUP (50%) > LBUP (30%) > ROP (10%) • * Groban et al. Anesth Analg, 2001. • Ohmura et al. Anesth Analg, 2001. • Santos et al. Anesthesiology, 2001.

  20. Ropivacine-WhySaferThanBupivacaine? • Bupivacaine is a 50:50 racemic mixture of the S- and R-enantiomers. • The R isomer has greater affinity and binding time for voltage-gated sodium channels, and so cardiotoxicity.

  21. Ropivacine-WhySaferThanBupivacaine? • R-bupivacaine is also more arrhythmogenic. • Slows ventricular conduction 4.6 times as much as S-bupivacaine.

  22. Ropivacine-WhySaferThanBupivacaine? • The Ropivacaine is the pure S-enantiomer so decreased cardiotoxicity .

  23. Ropivacine-WhySaferThanBupivacaine? • Cumulative doses up to 770 mg over 24 hours (intraoperative block plus postoperative infusion) • Continuous epidural infusion at rates up to 28 mg per hour for 72 hours have been well tolerated in adults, ie, 2016 mg plus surgical dose of approximately 100-150 mg as top-up. *www.fda druginformation.com

  24. Ropivacine-WhySaferThanBupivacaine? • Ropivacaine has a larger therapeutic index • 70% less likely to cause severe cardiac dysarrhythmias • Greater CNS tolerance • The improved safety profile is due to a lower lipid solubility

  25. Ropivacaine HYPE? HOPE?

  26. LA toxicity more in • Heart block, HT, structural heart disease. • >65yr,<12yr. • Pregnancy. • Acidosis. • Liver dysfunction. • Acutely ill and debilitated.

  27. Role of Ropivacaine • SAFE PRACTICE • Pediatric patients. • Geriatric patients. • Continuous infusions. • For labour analgesia. • Rescue spinal anesthesia.

  28. Ropivacaine

  29. LA toxicity treatment • Supportive care: intubation, vasopressors, appropriate defibrillation, fluids, stop injection of LA. • Intralipid…Bolus 1cc/kg of 20% intralipid, 0.25cc/kg/min of 20% intralipid for 10 minutes • Bolus can be repeated every 5 minutes up to a maximum of 8cc/kg of 20% intralipid

  30. LA toxicity treatment • Cardiac support should be continued as ACLS dictates • Adrenaline and vasopressin are usefull.

  31. Ropivacaine

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