WARM UP

1. WARM UP • What is the Central Dogma? • What are the 3 differences between RNA and DNA? • Where does transcription occur?

2. Protein Synthesis Notes (Day 2) http://pubs.acs.org/cen/_img/85/i08/8508translation.jpg

3. CHAPTER 10 NOTES (DAY2) ***DURING THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION mRNA IS MADE INTO PROTEIN***

4. STEPS TO TRANSLATION 1) mRNA LEAVES THE NUCLEUS. 2) mRNA GOES TO THE RIBOSOMES IN THE ER. 3) WORKER MOLECULES CALLED tRNA PICK UP AMINO ACIDS. THE TYPE OF AMINO ACID PICKED UP (THERE ARE 20) DEPENDS ON THE SEQUENCE OF 3 NUCLEOTIDES ON tRNA (CALLED THE ANTICODON).

6. 4) The RIBOSOME SITS ON mRNA. 5) The RIBOSOME READS THE mRNA SEQUENCE. 6) TheRIBOSOME READS mRNA BY EVERY 3 NITROGEN BASES  CALLED A CODON. 7) FOR EVERY CODON, THE RIBOSOME GRABS A tRNA THAT HAS AN ANTICODON THAT MATCHES.

7. 8) THE RIBSOME TAKES THE AMINO ACID AND ADDS IT TO A PEARL-LIKE STRING OF AMINO ACIDS. REMEMBER: THE TYPE OF AMINO ACID DEPENDS ON THE ANTICODON, WHICH PAIRS UP WITH THE CODON ON MRNA, WHICH WAS MADE FROM DNA.

9. http://library.thinkquest. org/C0123260/basic%20know ledge /images/basic%20knowledge /RNA/translation%20steps.jpg

11. tRNA

12. Transcription & Translation Decoding DNA sequence – AAT CCC GTA ACG TTA TTC mRNA sequence – UUA GGG CAU UGC AAU AAG tRNA sequence - AAU CCC GUA ACG UUA UUC Amino acids - LeuGly His Cys Asp Lys

13. Objective: List the types of DNA mutations and their affect on the translation/activation of DNA. http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Researchers-discover-how-to-detect-mutations-2.jpg

14. Introns and Exons Eukaryotes have spans of DNA that do not code for genes, followed by lengths of DNA that do code for genes. Introns are longs segments of DNA that do not code for a gene. Often called “junk DNA”. What good are introns? Exons are spans of DNA that do code for a gene.

15. Processing mRNA in Eukaryotic Cells • mRNA must be processed, or prepared for translation • Intron – non-coding gene regions that are cut out of the RNA molecule in the nucleus • Exons – expressed sequences of the RNA molecule; codes for a protein • The introns are cut out and the exons are spliced together to make a final mRNA

16. Mutations • Mutations – changes in the DNA sequences that affect genetic information

17. . DNA POINT MUTATIONS • POINT MUTATION: CHANGE IN A SINGLE NITROGEN BASE PAIR IN DNA. (EXAMPLE: INSTEAD OF AN “A”, THERE IS NOW A “G”). • FRAMESHIFT MUTATION: CAUSED BY THE ADDITION OR DELETION OF A SINGLE NITROGEN BASE. THESE MUTATIONS CAN BE VERY DEADLY

18. TYPES OF MUTATIONS • DELETION MUTATIONS: A NUCLEOTIDE IS CUT OUT. EFFECT: CHANGED PROTEIN (FRAMESHIFT MUTATION) • INSERTION MUTATION: A NUCLEOTIDE IS ADDED. EFFECT: CHANGED PROTEIN. (FRAMESHIFT MUTATION) • SUBSTITUTION MUTATION: ONE NUCLEOTIDE REPLACES ANOTHER NUCLEOTIDE IN A STRAND OF DNA. EFFECT: OFTEN LITTLE OR NO CHANGE TO THE PROTEIN.(POINT MUTATION)

19. http://www.members.cox.net/amgough/Mutation_frameshift-01_03_03d.jpghttp://www.members.cox.net/amgough/Mutation_frameshift-01_03_03d.jpg

20. http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/evolution/mutations/mutypes.gifhttp://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/evolution/mutations/mutypes.gif