Current status of air emissions in Albania

1. Current status of air emissions in Albania Mirela Kamberi, M.Sc. UNDP-GEF Climate Change Program/Unit Team Leader of the GHG Abatement Analysis CARDS Workshop on air quality and Air Emissions for Western Balkan countries Skopje, FYR of Macedonia, March, 2006

2. Content of the presentation • Air pollutants emissions; • GHG Emissions Inventory;

3. Air Pollutants Emissions • Legal base • Law No. 8934, dated 05.09.2202 “On the Environmental Protection”; • Law No.8897, dated16.05.2002 “On Air Protection”; • Law No.8990, dated 23.01.2003 “On the Environmental Impact Assessment”; • Decision of the CoM No.103, dated 31.03.2002 “On the environmental Monitoring in the republic of Albania”; • Decision of the CoM, No.435, dated 12.09.2002 “On the approval of air emissions allowed norms”; • Decision of the CoM, No.248, dated 24.04.2003 “On the approval of temporary air emissions allowed norms”; • Law No.9425, dated 06.10.2005 “On the adheration of the Republic of Albania to the Air Convention.

4. Air Pollutants Emissions • No monitoring of air pollutants emissions for the moment (no technical capacity, no financial means); • Reports coming from the industrial subjects on the self-monitoring of the their pollutants into the air are not reliable; • There is no data base within the environmental structures; • There are evidences of the air emission beyond the allowed norms heavy industry in Elbasan); • There are plans within the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and water Administration to get financial/technical assistance from the LRTAP convention to make the air pollutants emissions inventory in accordance with CORIAIR methodology;

5. Air Pollutants Emissions • Current CARDS Project on Environmental Monitoring (Air, Water and Biodiversity) • Following main practical results will be achieved: • The implementation structure of an improved environmental monitoring system relating to involved agencies, their tasks and responsibilities with regard to the capacity to identify, measure, record, integrate, update and inform on the sources of point and diffuse pollution; • Establishment of the database of point and diffuse sources of air pollution their prioritisation and identification of the set of monitoring measures with corresponding economic analysis; • Development of the integrated information management system compatible with the GIS-based system in the MoE consisting of independent web-based databases on pollution sources of air; • Establishment of the integrated national environmental monitoring system; • Improvement of the capacity of the monitoring system for sampling, measurements, data processing/storage, supply and management of information through the provision of necessary equipment, manual of procedures on monitoring and appropriate training of the involved staff; • National legislation in the field of air monitoring be updated in line with the respective EC Directives; • Certification and accreditation at national level of the main laboratories (identified to be of national reference) involved in the monitoring network for the chosen parameters.

6. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory under First National Communication • Legal base: • UNFCCC, which Albania ratified on 1995 and three years after got financial/technical assistance from GEF to produce the First National Communication; • The report called First National Communication to UNFCCC was produced on 2001 with four main parts: • GHG inventory; • GHG abatement analysis; • Vulnerability assessment and adaptation capacity; • National plan of action to mitigate climate change.

7. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory under First National Communication • The GHGs inventory for Albania is developed according to the revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines; • The base year used is 1994. It considers five main modules of the revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: “Energy”, ”Industrial Processes”, ”Agriculture”, ”Land Use Change and Forestry ” and “Waste”. Also “Solvents” are analyzed; • The national GHG inventory represents emission data for three gases of direct greenhouse effect: CO2, CH4 , and N2O; as well as and for three other gases of indirect greenhouse effect: CO, NOx and NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds). Emissions of carbon dioxide released from energy & transport, are estimated by using of two approaches: top-down and bottom–up approach. Final estimation shows the difference between the two approaches is about 3. 01%.

8. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory under First National Communication • Albanian total emissions for 1994 are 7061.45 Gg of CO2 equivalent; • The estimations indicate that in 1994, CO2 was the main greenhouse gas in Albania, with a share of 65.33%; • The main source of CO2 is energy sector (62.95%); • he main source of CH4 emissions for Albania is Agriculture sector (77.74%); • Also Agriculture is the main source of N2O emissions (69.45%; • If we consider the shares of economic sectors versus the aggregate CO2 equivalent emissions: Energy sector is the main (44 %), followed by Agriculture (27.12%).

9. CO2 (eqv.) emissions from economic sectors (7061.45 Gg), 1994

10. Share of GHG gases (1994)

11. CO2 emissions per capita (ton CO2/capita, 1994 for selected countries)

12. CO2 emissions per GDP (ton/mil.USD) per selected countries in 1994

13. GHG emissions inventory for 1994 • CO2 emissions per capita in Albania is around 4-5 times lower than the total average, since energy consumption per capita in Albania is the lowest between the selected countries; electricity generation is based almost on hydro energy (more than 95% of electricity is generated by Hydro Power Plants); different energy services in residential sector like space heating, domestic hot water, and cooking are based almost in electricity (residential sector consume 60% of total electricity); Industry sector went down in 1994 starting from 1990 in terms of energy consumption. • CO2 emissions per GDP in Albania is around 10-12 times higher than average value for industrialized countries since Albanian technology is very old; productivity of Albanian society is very low compared with industrialized countries; a big share of energy sources is consumed in residential and service sectors for people comfort and not in industry sector for producing higher value of GDP, and etc.

14. GHG emissions inventory quality improvement • There is still ongoing a regional project (started on 2002) “Building capacities to improve the quality of the GHG inventories in East Europe and CIS countries”, which aims at strengthening national arrangements for compiling, archiving, updating and managing GHG inventories: • Albania has already worked out a new methodology and has already prepared the reports for improvement of activity data used for the GHG inventory for 1994 for key source categories: enteric fermentation, wood fuel for energy purposes, fuel combustion in industry, fuel combustion in transport and waste; • A couple of surveys are also carried out to improve activity data as designed in the new methodology.

15. GHG inventory under Second National Communication • Albania has started on 2005 the process of preparation of the Second National Communication as a response to our obligations towards UNFCCC; • GHG Emissions Inventory for the year 2000 is the first activity, which has already started and is expected to be accomplished by the end of 2006, when we will be also ready to make the reports even to the EEA.

16. Priorities for Second National Communication regarding GHG inventory • Albania ‘s second national GHG inventory will cover all sources and sinks as well as all gases as mandated by 17/CP8. Therefore it will consider three direct GHGs: CO2, CH4 and N2O and other indirect GHGs such as: CO, NOx, SOx and NMVOC. In addition, estimates of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 will be provided, not reported under the Albania’s FNC. Emissions released from bunker fuels will be estimated and reported separately as instructed by the guidelines. Estimates of the key sources, sensitivity analysis and uncertainty level will be provided. The second GHG inventory will report on estimates of aggregated GHG emissions and removals expressed in CO2 equivalent. In addition, indicators such as CO2/GDP and CO2/Capita would be estimated mainly for comparability purposes; • Estimates for Albania’s second national GHG inventory shall be made for the base year 2000. Re-estimates for the year 1994 will be made as well. Given the variability of activity data after ‘90s the team has agreed to develop time series for a 10-year time frame (1994-2000) in order to provide a clear view of the emission trends. This will also create a clear background for the abatement analysis. A special attention will be given to the key source categories which totally cover 725 of the total emissions and a sensitivity analysis is needed to be done in order to see how / whether the key sources have changed.

17. Priorities for Second National Communication regarding GHG inventory • Improved estimates of GHG emissions are expected mainly due to the majority of outputs of the GEF regional project on GHG inventories. Soft methodology for filling the activity data gaps that do not exist already developed under the GEF regional project on GHG inventories will be utilized under SNC phase. This will be critical for the implementation of the GHG inventory improvement strategy, already drafted under the above project. In addition, the Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) plan drafted under the regional project will be implemented as well. • As regards emission factors, in most of the cases default factors provided by IPCC 1996 Revised Guidelines will be used. The team will see the possibility to use Emission factors calculated under other studies / projects/ programs like the case of industrial boilers or wood stoves. In addition, Emission Factor Database will be visited to see if appropriate factors relevant to our circumstances are provided. Also regional Emission Factors that are or will be developed under the GEF regional project on GHG inventories will be utilized if appropriate. • All the new input data utilized along with emission estimates will be archived using the same format as for the first inventory archive done under the GEF regional project on GHG inventories. Also the Manual of Procedures and National Inventory Report developed under the above project will be updated in the same line.

18. Thank You for your kind attention!