Current Airframe Emissions Research

1. Current Airframe Emissions Research Richard Antcliff NASA Langley Research Center

2. Environmental Impacts of Aircraft Emissions Stratosphere: • NOx } Ozone Layer Depletion 40,000 ft Troposphere: • CO2 • Nox • H2O Vapor • Aerosols • Particulates } } Green House Gasses Global Warming } Cloud Formation 3000 ft Ground Level: • Nox • VOC’s • CO • Particulates } } Ozone & Smog Formation Local Air Quality } Health Effects Stan Husch - NASA Langley

3. Generic Program Strategy Systems Technology Programs • Pursues and matures promising, high-payoff technologies • Aligned with critical issues to achieving stretch goals • Includes decision points ( ) to provide opportunities to integrate key technologies developed within the Base R&T program and to strategically revector program Today Because we don’t know how to achieve the Stretch Goals today, we need a combination of Base R&T and Systems Technology Programs to credibly manage the process of achieving the goals S.T. 11 20 Years Stretch Goal S.T. 2 S.T. 1 10 years Stretch Goal Base R&T Base Research & Technology Plan • Pursues broader mix of long-term, high-risk/high-payoff technologies • Tackles fundamental and “barrier” issues • Aligned with critical issues to achieving stretch goals • Transition technologies to Systems Technology Programs and directly to the customer • Provides basis for future Systems Technology programs

4. Airframe Systems Base FY 99 Level 2 Projects - FY99 Three Enterprise Pillars for Goal Success Error- Hyper-X ASCOT Morphing TAME MAD ATTAC CLOSUR ACE FACT IAS AAA RACR Proof Increase Safety Reduce Emission Reduce Noise Global Civil Aviation Increase Capacity Reduce Cost Reduce Travel Time Invigorate General Revolutionary Technology Leaps Aviation Design Cycle & X- Planes Reduce Cost to Orbit Access to Space Reduce Cost to Space Enabling DoD Technology Synergy Primary Secondary Support

5. Innovative High Lift Reduce Cost of Air Travel Polymers (LaRC-SI) Actuators (THUNDER) Active Flow Control Accomplishments • Demonstrated operational lifetimes > 10 million cycles for high displacement piezoelectrics • Developed computational models to simulate polymer response to electric fields • Developed vortex-on-demand device to produces vortices comparable to conventional devices Advanced High Lift

6. DARPA/AFRL/NASA Smart Wing Program • Program Objectives: • Use smart materials and structures to improve military aircraft aerodynamic performance in lift to drag (L/D) ratio, maneuver capabilities and aeroelastic response • Phase I: focus on static wing-shaping concepts • Wing twist • Hingeless control surfaces • Approach: • Design, fabricate and test semi-span models • Address power, reliability, system integration • Lay the ground work for follow-on program(s) • State of the Art: • Performed small-scale demonstrations of smart material actuator wing-shaping concepts. • This effort is the largest-scale wind-tunnel demonstration of smart material actuator wing-shaping concepts to date. Hingeless Control Surface Concept

7. Adaptive Refinement Based on Smoothing Element Analysis And Residual Error Estimation for Built-up Aerospace Structures • Adaptive Refinement of Boeing Crown Panel: • Residual-Based Error Distribution and Mesh Refinement Uniform End-Shortening Symmetry Symmetry Internal Pressure Loading of 18.2 psi Uniform End-Shortening Mesh 0 Mesh 1 Mesh 4 Max error < 30% of Initial Mesh 0

8. Integrally Stiffened Metallic Fuselage Structure 48” x 78” Test Panel Integrally stiffened aluminum alloy 6013 extrusions Integral “Zee” Stiffners Integrally stiffened curved fuselage panel machined from aluminum alloy 7050 plate 118” Radius Curved compression test panel machined from 7050 plate

9. Integrally Stiffened Metallic Fuselage Structure

10. Solution-adaptive Unstructured Grid CFD Solver • Benefits of Solution-adaptive Grid • Grid generation time reduced from days to hours • Virtually eliminate human intervention • Improved accuracy, grid locations derived from physics • Codes run by designer engineers, not CFD experts Adapted grid clusters grid points to high gradient regions and produces correct solution of vortex bursting 20 Days 75% Reduction 5 Days X Hours M = 0.4,  = 20˚ Structured Grid Unstructured Grid Adaptive Grid

11. Innovative High Lift Polymers (LaRC-SI) Actuators (THUNDER) Active Flow Control Accomplishments • Demonstrated operational lifetimes > 10 million cycles for high displacement piezoelectrics • Developed computational models to simulate polymer response to electric fields • Developed vortex-on-demand device to produces vortices comparable to conventional devices Advanced High Lift

12. RevCon Program

13. BIOMEMETICS!