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Model development & Aneth site example . Si-Yong Lee. What is a model? . A model is a simplified representation of reality or any device that represents a system. Why model?. Predictive application (predicting the consequences of a proposed action) Interpretive application
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Model development & Aneth site example Si-YongLee
What is a model? A model is a simplified representation of reality or any device that represents a system.
Why model? • Predictive application • (predicting the consequences of a proposed action) • Interpretive application • (understanding system dynamics) • Generic application • (analyzing processes in generic/hypothetical settings)
What types of models? Conceptual Model: Qualitative description of system Mathematical Model: Mathematical description of system - Analytical solution - Numerical solution Physical Model: e.g. core flooding experiment
Modeling Protocol Define Problem Conceptual model Mathematical model Model Redesign Computation Model Calibration Comparison with field data Results
Define the problems/objectives • Site selection - storage capacity - Injectivity - Plume distribution (AOR) • Monitoring design • Uncertainty/Risk assessment
Data Collection • Hydrologic data (local & regional) • Geologic data (e.g., stratigraphy, formation tops, faults/fractures, tectonic information, and seismic events) • Geophysical data (e.g., well logs, seismic survey) • Rock properties (por, perm, relative perm, Pc, bulk density, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, mineralogy, etc) • Fluid properties (salinity, pH, density, viscosity, mutual solubility, brine chemistry, isotope, etc) • Well information (location, vertical/horizontal, perforation interval, injection/production history, bottom hole pressure, etc)
Conceptual Model Cross-bedded aeolian Navajo Ss (outcrop in Devil’s canyon, UT) Conceptual model of the cross-bedded bedform 3D cross-bedded bedform Grain flow (dune) Wind ripple (interdune)
Grid building • An optimally-sized model domain should : • Encompass all the major flow units (formations of interest – injection zone, overlying and underlying formations) • - Include the injection, monitoring, and any production wells • - Lie within the extent of pressure response area • - Be tractable computationally
Grid resolution (dx, dy, dz) • Grid resolution vs. computational efficiency • Should include heterogeneity, well configuration, and sufficient accuracy in the changes of results (pressure & saturation). Coarsening of model grid further from the injection well (no more than 1.5 times the previous nodal spacing). Grid coarsening could create numerical dispersion.
Assigning property parameters • Single value in a cell (REV, scale issue) • Sparse data in space (especially horizontal direction) • Heterogeneity • Property upscaling
Heterogeneity and Aniostropy Heterogeneity : Variations through space Aniosotropy : Variations with the direction of measurement at any given point
Heterogeneity and Aniostropy Homogeneous, Isotropic Homogeneous, Anisotropic ( kz (x2,z2) kx (x1,z1) Heterogeneous, Anisotropic Heterogeneous, Isotropic
Approaches to generate heterogeneity Deterministic approach: parameter values are known with certainty (single solution) Stochastic approach: uncertainty in parameter values (ranges in solution) Layer Cake Model Actual Geology Stochastic/Geostat. Model
Stochastic Approaches • Continuous Heterogeneity • Gaussian model (mean, variance, and variogram) • Fractal model • Discrete Heterogeneity • Facies model with indicator geostatistics • Depositional simulation • Process imitation (mathematically-based equations) • Structure imitation (probabilistically-based) • Mixed Heterogeneity (continuous + discrete)
TProGS Realization (TPROGS1)
TProGS Realization (largest connected channel body) (TPROGS1)
SGS Realization (GAUSS1)
SGS Realization (largest connected body) (GAUSS1)
Geologic Model Development in Aneth site - Data Acquisition - Petrophysical Properties Estimation Estimation of porosity Porosity & Permeability Relationship - Geologic Model Development
Data Acquisition • Core plug analyses • (porosity, density, and permeability) • - Geophysical well log images • - Stratigraphic formation tops data • - Well information • - Injection/production history
Entrada Navajo Kayenta Wingate Chinle Dechelly Organ Rock Hermosa Ismay Gothic Desert Creek
Porosity Field (n=9,170,238; dx=dy=100m, dz=1m; nz=1,644)
Upscaled Porosity Field (n=227,950; dx=dy=100m; nz=41)
Permeability Field (n=227,950; dx=dy=100m; nz=41)