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Taxonomy

Taxonomy. Science of Classifying Living Organisms. “Father of Taxonomy” – Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish Botanist). He set up the system we use today He recognized species on the basis of structural similarity He gave them scientific names made up of Latin words. Linnaeus’s Naming System.

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Taxonomy

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  1. Taxonomy Science of Classifying Living Organisms

  2. “Father of Taxonomy” – Carolus Linnaeus(Swedish Botanist) • He set up the system we use today • He recognized species on the basis of structural similarity • He gave them scientific names made up of Latin words

  3. Linnaeus’s Naming System • This system is called binomial nomenclature (two-word naming) •  The first word is the genus (which is always capitalized) and the second is the species • Both are underlined or italicized

  4. Members of the same species are similar in structure and can mate to produce a fertile offspring

  5. Celebrities!! • http://news.discovery.com/animals/caziest-new-animal-species-of-2015-photos-150521.htm • http://listverse.com/2012/12/12/10-incredible-recently-discovered-animals/ • http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/animals/a4464/4323547/

  6. Six-kingdom System(in order from the least complex) Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

  7. Groupings in classification(starting with the largest) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus (genera – plural) Species

  8. For example - classify man:   Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Subphylum - Vertebrata Class - Mammalia Order - Primates Family - Hominidae Genus - Homo Species - sapiens Scientific name of man - Homosapiens (wise one)

  9. Symmetry - general form of an organism 3 basic types: (except in snails and amoeba which are asymmetrical)  1. spherical - a ball (sphere) any axis through the center will divide in half 2. radial - axes radiate like the spokes of a wheel  3. bilateral - 2 sided axis will divide into similar halves one side is a mirror image of the other

  10. Types of Symmetry: Spherical Asymmetrical Radial Bilateral

  11. The Prokaryotes Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Characteristics: 1.most numerous organisms on Earth 2.  most ancient organisms 3.  microscopic 4.prokaryotic – no true nucleus pro – before karyo – nucleus

  12. Kingdom Archaebacteria • found in extreme, harsh environments • do NOT contain the carbohydrate peptidoglycan in the cell walls • 3 Broad Groups

  13. 1. Methanogens – get energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas • anaerobic – do not require oxygen • live in the bottom of swamps, in sewage (form of marsh gas), and in intestinal tracts of humans and other animals Wolinella succinogenes (Bacteria)This bacterium lives in the rumens of cows and is related to two microbes that cause stomach disorders in people, Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni. Scientists had thought the bacterium was harmless to people, but the genome project revealed genes that may be used to cause disease.

  14. 2. Extreme halophiles – use salt to generate ATP (cellular energy) • live in areas of very high salt concentrations ex. Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea Halophiles have turned the land that surrounds the Great Salt Lake in Utah a reddish color. This happens to the land after flood water spreads onto the land.

  15. 3. Thermoacidophiles – live in areas of extremely acidic environments that have extremely high temperatures ex. hot springs, volcanic vents, hydrothermal vents Hyperthermophiles produce some of the bright colors of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone National Park

  16. Kingdom Eubacteria -found everywhere • contain the carbohydrate peptidoglycan that makes up the cell wall

  17. 3 Shapes of the Eubacteria • bacilli – rod-shaped • cocci – sphere-shaped in chains – streptococci in grapelike clusters – staphlococci c. spirilla – spiral-shaped

  18. Some functions of bacteria: 1. decomposers – break down dead organisms to recycle nutrients 2. nitrogen fixers – plants can only use nitrogen in a certain form in order to grow  • bacteria in soil convert nitrogen to that form

  19. 3. disease – can cause disease by breaking down tissue for food or releasing poisons that harm the body • tuberculosis, food poisoning, strep (streptococci) 4. food products – bacteria help to make some foods that we value • cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, and sauerkraut

  20. Fungi Bacteria

  21. 5. industry   a. digest petroleum – clean up oil spills b. remove waste products and poisons from H2O c. help mine minerals from the ground d. synthesize drugs/chemicals through genetic engineering 6. controlling bacteria  a. sterilization b. refrigeration, steaming c. canning

  22. Viruses Virology – the study of viruses Characteristics: a. nonliving b. composed of nucleic acid and a protein coat c. smaller than bacteria d. cause disease in living organisms Major divisions focus on genetic material: 1. DNA viruses 2. RNA viruses

  23. DNA Viruses • Divided by the shape for their protein coats and their sizes • capsid – the protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid • The protein in the capsid “tricks” the host cell into allowing the virus. Once inside it takes over, putting the genetic program of the virus into effect.

  24. A Bacteriophage (my personal fav)

  25. RNA Viruses

  26. Common diseases caused by viruses: Polio, measles, AIDS, mumps, influenza, yellow fever, rabies, common cold, cancer

  27. Cases of Polio

  28. Vaccines – weakened or killed virus or viral protein Body produces antibodies that protect you from future invasions Fighting Viral Diseases https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFXuxGuT7H8

  29. Kingdom Protista • Any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus or prokaryote • Includes protozoans and algae

  30. Protista Characteristics • One-celled or multicellular, solitary or in a colony (colonial) • Many are microscopic (most are) • Contain organelles – no tissues or organs • Moist environment • Locomotion (if any): • Cilia (hair-like) • Flagella (whip-like) • Pseudopod (false foot)

  31. Cilia (Paramecium caudatum)

  32. Flagella – Euglena gracias

  33. Pseudopod – Amoeba proteus

  34. Algal Bloom in AustraliaNovember 2012

  35. Important Protists Amoeba eating two paramecium 1. Phylum Sarcodina • move by pseudopods – cytoplasmic streaming • surround their food to ingest it into food vacuole • reproduce by binary fission ex. amoeba

  36. 2. Phylum Ciliophora • move using cilia • free-living • reproduce: sexually - conjugation asexually – binary fission ex. paramecium

  37. 3. Phylum Zoomastigina • move using flagella • feed on decaying organic matter; some are parasitic • reproduce asexually – binary fission ex. trypanosomes

  38. 4. Phylum Sporozoa • no means of locomotion • ex. Plasmodium – causes malaria • reproduce asexually by spores – produce sporozoites that attaches to, enters, and lives off of host cell

  39. 1. Malaria caused by the sporozoan, Plasmodium carried by the female Anopheles mosquito known as the “Chills and Fever” Disease http://www.who.int/gho/en/ Diseases Caused by Protists

  40. Mosquito salivary glands (sexual stage) spores in blood (10-20 spores per RBC) spindle shaped in stomach of mosquito Man’s RBC’s (Malaria) (asexual stage)

  41. Lifecycle of Malaria

  42. 2. African Sleeping Sickness • caused by the trypanosome – Trypanosoma gambienese • carried by the tsetse fly • causes fever, swollen glands, anemia if in blood • coma or death if in CNS • life cycle is similar to malaria

  43. 3. Amoebic Dysentery • caused by the amoeba – Entamoeba histolytica • transmitted by contaminated drinking water • affects tissues of the intestinal wall causing ulcers and extreme diarrhea • cysts in solid wastes (excreted in feces) • common in areas with no sewage treatment or when human wastes are used as fertilizer • causes dehydration

  44. Plant-like protists make up phytoplankton • major part of the oceans food web

  45. Euglena

  46. Dinoflagellates

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