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The Rise of Fascism: Italy and Germany

After World War I, Italy and Germany faced post-war challenges leading to the emergence of fascist movements. Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany gained power by exploiting nationalism, economic struggles, and promises of restoration. These authoritarian regimes sparked social and political transformations, shaping history. Learn about the characteristics and appeal of fascism during crises like the Great Depression. Explore the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany, examining nationalism, propaganda, and control mechanisms that defined these regimes.

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The Rise of Fascism: Italy and Germany

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  1. The Rise of Fascism Italy • After World War I, Italy was upset • Italy gained no new land after Austria-Hungary was broken up • In the late 20s & early 30s a new political movement called fascism was gaining momentum in Italy • Fascism called for extreme nationalism and loyalty • Italy was also starting to suffer from the worldwide depression • A fiery former newspaper editor named Benito Mussolini promised to rescue the Italian economy & restore pride to Italy • Supporters of Mussolini march on Rome • They demand the King of Italy put Mussolini in charge of the government • Worried that he may lose his power, King Victor Emmanuel makes Mussolini, Il Duce Legally Takes Power

  2. Legally Takes Power! Germany • In Germany, the Nazi Party is gaining momentum • Their fiery leader Adolf Hitler begins making speeches to the German people promising to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and rebuild Germany • Hitler tried to forcefully take over Germany in the 1920s but was stopped and sent to prison • In prison he writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) outlining his plans • Hitler argues the Germans were a “master race” called Aryans • He felt that other races such as Slavs, Jews, and Gypsies were inferior • He also states Germany needs more land and that he will get revenge for what happened after WW I • Hitler speaks about Nationalism & the poor economy • Hitler is also a master of propaganda • In 1930, the Nazi party starts winning seats in the Parliament (Reichstag) • As the Nazis become more popular, President Hindenburg names Hitler Chancellor of Germany – Reichstag fire seals the Nazi majority!

  3. Communism vs. Fascism -Every class has its purpose in society -Seek a classless society Each class has its own function in society -Loyalty to the gov’t & leader -Clearly defined theory -No clearly defined theory -No Democracy -Internat’nalists: Unite all workers -Nationalists -Very little personal freedom Please see pg. 477

  4. Please write the following questions below your notes and answer them by looking at the next slide. • Which political, cultural, and economic characteristics helped make fascism an authoritarian system? • What characteristics of fascism might make it attractive to people during times of crisis such as the Great Depression?

  5. Economic: econ. functions controlled by state corp.s or state Social: Supported by middle class, industrialists, and military • Principles: • -authoritarian • State more • important than • individual • Charismatic leader • Action oriented • Cultural: • Censorship • Indoctrination • Secret police Characteristics of Fascism • Political: • Nationalist • Racist (Nazism) • One-party rule • Supreme leader • Chief Examples: • Italy • Spain • Germany

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