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CORE COURSE 3 - PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY ZOOG-CC3-3-TH

Learn about the structure and function of the pancreas, a mixed gland consisting of both exocrine and endocrine parts. Understand the histology of the pancreas, including acini and Islets of Langerhans. Explore the functions of glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin, and discover the metabolic disorder of diabetes mellitus.

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CORE COURSE 3 - PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY ZOOG-CC3-3-TH

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  1. CORE COURSE 3- PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRYZOOG-CC3-3-TH Topic: Structure and function of Pancreas By Pritha Gupta Dept . of. Zoology

  2. Pancreas • It is the second largest gland of the human body . Consists of both exocrine and endocrine parts and hence called as ‘mixed gland’ • It develops as outgrowths arising close to the hepatic diverticulum. • It is located on the posterior wall of abdominal cavity. • Human pancreas is differentiated into head,body and tail. The head is located close to the duodenal cavity while the body and tail extends across the posterior wall of abdomen upto the hilus of spleen.

  3. Histology of Pancreas • Major part of the pancreas consists of acini or exocrine part . • The acini are spherical lobule consisting of 40-50 pyramidal cells around a narrow lumen. • Cytoplasm contains granular ER, prominent nucleus,golgi complex and numarouszymogen granules Fig : Section of mammalian pancreas Fig: Acinar part of Pancreas

  4. Islets of Langerhans • Human pancreas contains about 1million islets which comprise about 1-2% of the volume of the gland. • Each islet consists of 2000-3000 cells,arranged in irregular cords separated by sinusoids. • Islets of Langernans contain mainly 4 types of cells – α cells, β cells, δ cells and F cells. • A considerable quantity of stroma is found in between pancreatic islets and acini. Fig : Pancreatic Islet

  5. Functions of Glucagon • It is secreted from the α- cells and known as ‘hyperglycaemic factor’ since it increases blood sugar level by the following ways: • It stimulates glycogenolysis • It stimulates lipolysis • It increases glycogen breakdown and prevents recycling of glucose to glycogen • Stimulates neoglucogenesis

  6. Functions of Insulin • It is secreted from the β- cells and known as ‘hypoglycaemic factor’ since it reduces blood sugar level by the following ways: • Effects on carbohydrate metabolism : • Increases glucose transport from extracellular fluid into muscles, adiposetissues and other extrahepatic cells. • Inhibits glycogenolysis • Prevents gluconeogenesis • Stimulates glycogenesis

  7. Insulin contd…… • Effect on protein metabolism : • Enhances amino acid uptake • Decreases protein breakdown,amino acid catabolism • Effect on lipid metabolism : 1.Lowers circulating levels of fatty acids 2. Enhances synthesis of lipids from carbohydrates • Effect on tissue growth : It stimulates proliferation of and growth of tissues like liver,skin, connective tissue etc.

  8. δ-cells produce somatostatin , a polypeptide hormone. It decreases gastric acid and gastrin production . • What is Diabetes Mellitus ? • Hyposecretion of β – cells of the islets is very common and this may lead to a metabolic disorder Diabetes Mellitus .Symptoms include polyphagia, polydipsia , high blood sugar and inability to utilise glucose.

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