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INTRODUCTION OF STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION OF STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY. Hariom Yadav 1 , Shalini Jain 1 and Mukesh Yadav 2 1 nimal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, INDIA 2 SOS in Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011, M.P., INDIA

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INTRODUCTION OF STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY

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  1. INTRODUCTION OF STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY Hariom Yadav1, Shalini Jain1 and Mukesh Yadav2 1nimal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, INDIA 2SOS in Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011, M.P., INDIA Corresponding author: Email: yadavhariom@gmail.com

  2. Importance of Stem Cell Research Dr. Hariom Yadav

  3. Stem Cell History 1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human embryos 1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers 2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research 2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International creates $20 million fund-raising effort to support stem-cell research 2002 - California ok stem cell research 2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos using private funding 2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells Dr. Hariom Yadav

  4. Stem Cell – Definition • A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues Dr. Hariom Yadav

  5. Stem Cell Characteristics • ‘Blank cells’ (unspecialized) • Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time (proliferation and renewal) • Have the potential to give rise to specialized cell types (differentiation) Dr. Hariom Yadav

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  7. Kinds of Stem Cells Dr. Hariom Yadav

  8. Stem Cell Differentiation Dr. Hariom Yadav Princeton University

  9. Kinds of Stem Cells Embryonic stem cellscome from a five to six-day-old embryo. They have the ability to form virtually any type of cell found in the human body. Embryonic germ cells are derived from the part of a human embryo or foetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes). Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found among specialised or differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth. Based on current research they appear to have a more restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew. Dr. Hariom Yadav

  10. Blastocyst Diagram Dr. Hariom Yadav Princeton University

  11. Sexual Reproduction Dr. Hariom Yadav The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals

  12. Day 2 2-cell embryo Day 3-4 Multi-cell embryo Day 1 Fertilized egg Day 5-6 Blastocyst Day 11-14 Tissue Differentiation Stages of Embryogenesis Dr. Hariom Yadav

  13. Isolate inner cell mass (destroys embryo) Outer cells (forms placenta) Inner cells (forms fetus) Culture cells Day 5-6 Blastocyst Heart repaired Derivation and Use of Embryonic Stem Cell Lines “Special sauce”(largely unknown) Dr. Hariom Yadav Kidney Heart muscle

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  18. Embryonic stem cells Dr. Hariom Yadav

  19. Adult stem cells Dr. Hariom Yadav

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  23. Applications • Disease • Diabetes, Spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease • Genetic based Disease • Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s Dr. Hariom Yadav

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  34. Unknowns in Stem Cell/Cloning Research • It is uncertain that human embryonic stem cells in vitro can give rise to all the different cell types of the adult body. • It is unknown if stem cells cultured in vitro (apart from the embryo) will function as the cells do when they are part of the developing embryo ? Dr. Hariom Yadav

  35. Challenges to Stem Cell/Cloning Research • Stem cells need to be differentiated to the appropriate cell type(s) before they can be used clinically. • Recently, abnormalities in chromosome number and structure were found in three human ESC lines. Dr. Hariom Yadav

  36. Challenges to Stem Cell/Cloning Research • Stem cell development or proliferation must be controlled once placed into patients. • Possibility of rejection of stem cell transplants as foreign tissues is very high. Dr. Hariom Yadav

  37. Challenges to Stem Cell/Cloning Research • Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and Mycoplasma possible. • The use of mouse “feeder” cells to grow ESC could result in problems due to xenotransplantation (complicating FDA requirements for clinical use). Dr. Hariom Yadav

  38. Stem cell and cloning Immune rejection Somatic cell nuclear transfer Dr. Hariom Yadav

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  48. Thanks Dr. Hariom Yadav (Time 2.19.01)

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