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Biology EOC Highlight Review

Learn about the fundamental organic compounds in biology, including carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Explore their functions, examples, and tests. Understand the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell organization, communication, and energy processes like photosynthesis and respiration.

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Biology EOC Highlight Review

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  1. Biology EOC Highlight Review Courtesy of Mr. S. Russillo

  2. Organic Compounds • All living things are made of organic compounds. • Contain the element Carbon • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

  3. Carbohydrates • Monomer- monosaccharide • Function- energy source and structure • Tests: glucose-Benedicts starch- Iodine fructose • Ex. Cellulose, glycogen, starch

  4. Lipids • Made of fatty acids and glycerol • Function- energy storage and insulation • Tests: brown paper test • Examples: fats and steroids Lipid vs. water

  5. Nucleic Acids • Monomer- nucleotide • Function- carry genetic information • Ex. DNA and RNA

  6. Proteins • Monomer- amino acids • Function- building and repairing cells, communication, transport, and regulation • Tests- Biurets • Examples: enzymes, hemoglobin

  7. Enzymes • Catalysts in living things • Specific to a particular substrate • Reusable • Affected by temperature and pH

  8. Practice Questions

  9. Practice Questions

  10. Practice Questions

  11. Practice Questions

  12. Practice Questions

  13. Prokaryotes Simple, no membrane bound organelles Bacteria only One circular chromosome Includes: chromosome, ribosomes, and plasma membrane Eukaryotes Membrane bound organelles Plants and Animals True nucleus containing chromosomes Cells

  14. Nucleus • “Control Center” • Contains chromosomes

  15. “Powerhouse” of the cell Produces energy in the form of ATP Site of Aerobic respiration MitochondriaSingular: Mitochondrion

  16. Site of photosynthesis Plant cells ONLY Contains the pigment chlorophyll Chloroplast

  17. Vacuole • Storage of excess materials • Plant cells usually contain one large vacuole

  18. Ribosomes • Proteins are synthesized • Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

  19. Surrounds the cell Regulates what enters/leaves the cell Helps maintain homeostasis Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins Plasma Membraneaka: Cell Membrane

  20. Cell Wall • Plant cells ONLY • Surrounds cell and provides support and protection. • Made of cellulose

  21. Eukaryotes Plant Animal • Cell wall • Chloroplast • Large central vacuole

  22. Cell Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Individual organism

  23. cells develop to perform different functions Regulated by genes Cell Specialization

  24. Chemical Signals (hormones) can be sent from one cell to another Receptor proteins on the plasma membrane receive the signal Cell to Cell Communication

  25. Diffusion • Form of passive transport (NO ENERGY NEEDED) across a membrane • Solutes move from high concentration to low concentration

  26. Osmosis • Diffusion of water (also passive transport)

  27. Active Transport • Particles moving against the concentration gradient which REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) • Low concentration to high concentration

  28. Practice Question

  29. Practice Question

  30. Practice Question

  31. Practice Question

  32. Practice Question

  33. Energy storing molecule Can be used for quick energy by the cell Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds ATP

  34. Water and Carbon Dioxide used to produce Glucose and Oxygen H2O+CO2C6H12O6+O2 Occurs in the chloroplast Photosynthesis

  35. Used to release energy (ATP) for cellular use C6H12O6+O2H2O+CO2 Occurs in the mitochondria Aerobic Respiration

  36. Anaerobic Respirationaka Fermentation • Does not require Oxygen • also used to release energy, but not as efficient as aerobic respiration (less ATP) • Products include CO2 and lactic acid or alcohol • Two Types: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation

  37. Obtain energy from the environment Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis “Producers” Obtain energy from other living things “Consumers” Autotroph vs. Heterotroph

  38. Practice Question

  39. Practice Question

  40. Practice Question

  41. Practice Question

  42. Cell division Produces two identical diploid daughter cells Occurs in body cells to grow and repair PMAT Mitosis

  43. DNA / RNA • Carry genetic information • Made of a chain of nucleotides • Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

  44. DNA Double stranded “Double Helix” Four base pairs: ATGC Sugar is Deoxyribose Found in nucleus RNA Single stranded Four base pairs: AUCG Sugar is Ribose DNA / RNA

  45. Base Pair Rule • In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine, and Guanine always pairs with Cytosine

  46. Replication • Making of an identical strand of DNA • “semi” conservative

  47. Central Dogma DNA  RNA  protein  trait

  48. DNAmRNA Occurs in nucleus Complementary mRNA strand is produced from a segment of DNA Transcription

  49. Translation • Connects amino acids in the correct order to make a protein • Occurs in the cytoplasm within the ribosomes A- amino acid B- tRNA C- anticodon D- codon E- mRNA F- Ribosome G-polypeptide

  50. Codon • Sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid

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