Eastern Europe

1. Eastern Europe What is this region like?

2. What defines this region as a region? • All countries in this region share the following: • A Location in the Northern Hemisphere • A general mild climate • Many languages and cultures • A past characterized by terrible, large-scale wars • Powerful economies unified with younger economies

3. Physical geography • Europe is a peninsula of peninsulas • 3 landscapes: • Highlands in the north • Central lowlands • Mountains in the south • Why is it mild? • Warm water from the Gulf of Mexico reaches the west and wind patterns carry the warmth throughout Europe

4. The Alps Geographically Important Economically important

5. Cultural Geography • Many different cultures and many countries formed around these cultures • Population (review from 1st semester!) • As a whole, Europe has a low birth rate and longer life spans. What possible future economic problems does their population pyramid suggest?

6. STOP TO WORK ON PHSICAL AND POLITICAL MAPS! • Maps • Physical Geography labeling assignment • Countries to study assignment • Map Quizzes • Physical Map Quiz- Monday, 1.25.16 • Word Bank • Political Map Quiz- Tuesday, 1.26.16 • Word Bank but NOT broken up like the Africa map

7. AS I ENTER… • Agenda • PP Notes • Overview of Eastern Europe

8. Who’s Who? • Most are ethnically Slavic • Review: what’s the difference between ethnicity and race? • Indo-Europeans who came from Asia and settled on the region • Three groups: • Eastern (Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians) • Western (Poles and Slavs) • Southern (Serbs and Croats) • Northern Countries: • Czech Republic • Slovakia • Poland • Hungary

9. WWI and the Balkans • Dividing up the Balkans- Prior to WWI, Bosnia and Serbia were separated. • Serbia was independent • Bosnia is still controlled by Austria-Hungary. • Bosnia made up of many ethnic Serbs who want Bosnia to be part of Serbia. • Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary goes to visit Bosnia and is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. • Marks the beginning of WWI • Post WWI, both regions are now part of newly formed Yugoslavia. • Pre and Post WWI Map

10. Conflict, Union, and Division • Balkan Peninsula- what a history! • What did it used to look like? • Yugoslavia (“Land of the South Slavs”) used to be the center of Eastern Europe: • Serbia • Montenegro • Bosnia • Croatia • Slovenia • Macedonia • Balkanization: • Division of regions into smaller regions that are in conflict with each other • Belief that peace can only come from ethnic cleansing

11. Back to Conflict, Union, and Division… Oh My! • For most of the 20th century, the creation of Yugoslavia brought stability • The new generation thought of themselves as Yugoslavians • For as long as they were one country, with 6 locally governed republics, all was mostly ok • Two big issues: • First: • Religion: • Serbs are Eastern Orthodox • Croats are Roman Catholic • Bosnians are Muslim • Second: • Boundaries: • The 6 Republics of Yugoslavia did not align with the boundaries of the biggest ethnicities • So when they split up, each country fought for new boundary lines

12. Timeline of the Division of Yugoslavia • During WWII, Eastern Europe was the site of frequent battles and occupation • Post WWII, Yugoslavia emerged as a communist country • Eastern Europe as a whole fell under communist control of the Soviet Union • In the 1990’s, many republics of Yugoslavia began to claim independence

14. STOP For: 30 For 30: Once Brothers • This film will talk about the impact of the division of Yugoslavia on the National Basketball team through personal stories • It will also re-explain why the break up happened

15. Ethnic Cleansing • Ethnic Cleansing Definition: • The process by which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create a ethnically homogeneous region • How is it different from Genocide? • its primary goal is the expulsion of a group of people from a geographical area and not the actual physical destruction of that group • It can however, use the same methods–including murder, rape, torture and forcible displacement–may be used.) • Violence sparked in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo • Serbs were removing or killing ethic rival groups • Two minute video on Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkan States

17. Bosnia & Herzegovina • Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia • At the onset, the population was 48% Muslims, 37% Serbs, and 14% Croats • Serbs and Croats wanted independence (sort of) and united in the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims • Why??? • Making the area more than just majority Serb and Croats, making it homogeneous • Trying to look like a good candidate to join Serbia and Croatia respectively

18. Snipers would hide in the surrounding buildings and hotels and shoot Parliament members going to work.

19. The Stari Most Bridge, built in 1566 • Blown up by Croats in 1993 • In an attempt to demoralize the Muslims as part of the ethnic cleansing • It was rebuilt in 2004

20. Bosnia Continued • U.S. Intervention • President Clinton had promised during his election campaign to stop the Bosnian Genocide • Clinton, through NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Association), ordered Bosnian Serbs to withdraw from Sarajevo • They complied and a cease-fire was reached • Serbs began to ignore the cease-fire and started attacking Muslim cities • U.S. responded with air strikes • Bosnian Muslims also received arms from other Muslim nations, to fight back against the Serbs • Finally, the Serbs agreed to real peace talks in Dayton, Ohio (USA)

21. Results • Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats combined into a federation • The Bosnian Serbs operate pretty much independently • At the onset, the population was 48% Muslims, 37% Serbs, and 14% Croats • Serbs received 50% of the land, Croats received 25% of the land, and Muslims received 25% of the land

22. International Responses • Though the international community did little to prevent the systematic atrocities committed against Bosniaks and Croats in Bosnia while they were occurring, it did actively seek justice against those who committed them. 

23. Scott O’Grady • Behind Enemy Lines Article

24. AS I ENTER… • Agenda • Armenian Genocide Reading • Vocab and task-rotation

25. Before Balkan States, there were Genocides • Armenian • Greek (Pontiac) • Ukrainian • Cambodian

26. Communism • Microcosm: East and West Germany • Notes (WWII, wall, communist countries) • 7 Steps to Main Idea- Berlin Airlift Documents • Timeline- Cold War and Europe • Night Crossing

27. WWII and its aftermath • USSR/Soviet Union (Communist Russia) was on the winning side of WWII • USSR is Communist and the rest of the Allied Powers (winners of WWII) were democratic nations • Problems arose post-war on how to run and rebuild Europe • Becomes East (USSR and nations it controls-like Yugoslavia) v. West (Britain, France, USA) • What does U.S.S.R. stand for, you ask? • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

28. Post-WWII Europe • After WWII Europe split between the Communist East and the Democratic/Capitalist West

29. Communism v Capitalism • Communism (Soviet Union and Eastern Satellite Nations) • Govcontrols economy and distribution of resources (command economy) • Typically done so under strict authoritarian rule • Capitalism/Democracy (Western nations) • Economy run by private individuals and corporations with some gov. regulation. • Based on consumer desires and competition. More freedom of choice- often echoed in style of government as well • COLD WAR: Period of tension between Communist nations (USSR) and non-communist nations from 1945-1990 • Impacted the whole world, not just Europe

30. Divided Germany • Germany was divided up after WWII into 4 zones • Each zone would be controlled by one of the winning countries from the war To complicate things further, Berlin, the capital, was also divided among the 4 nations. Do you foresee any problems with this set-up?

31. Disagreement and division worsens • Soviets and Western Allies disagree on how to rebuild Germany after WWII • Soviet Union wants to demand reparations, focus on agriculture, and creating communist practices • Western Allies want to focus on rebuilding economy through industry • Germany is divided into two nations- East and West Germany • Berlin also divided East/West Eventually the 3 Western Zones merged into one Western zone

32. 1948- Soviet Blockade • Western Allies decide to unify the currency used in all of their zones- this would include West Berlin • Soviet Union does not want new currency in West Berlin- why?? • USSR decides to block access to West Berlin from the Americans as a way to pressure the West to stop and to leave West Berlin in general • Don’t allow any access to West Berlin from West Germany • Only one RR and two highway entrances to West Berlin for West Germany • West Germany and Western Allies in a tricky situation • Don’t want people in West Berlin starve/go without supplies…BUT • Forcing through blockade = act of war

33. Berlin Airlift • Solution? • Drop supplies in from the air! • 1948-1949

34. Airlift facts • 394,509 tons of foodstuffs, coal and supplies carried by 689 military and civil aircraft - 441 US, 147 RAF and 101 British civil. • The pilots and aircrew also came from Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand • 124,420,813 miles were flown during the airlift. A total of 277,804 flights • The Russian blockade lasted from June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949 • The airlift cost the United States $350 million; the UK £17 million and Western Germany 150 million Deutschmarks • Berliners received an average of 2,300 calories a day which was higher than the UK food rationing system provided at the time • At the height of the operation, on April 16 1949, an allied aircraft landed in Berlin every minute • Each aircraft was unloaded by German crews in 20-30 minutes

35. “It’s cold in Berlin, but colder in Siberia.” • -West Berliner • “What happens to Berlin, happens to Germany; what happens to Germany, happens to Europe” • -Soviet Foreign Minister • “I believe the future of democracy requires us to stay here until forced out” • -US Army General Lucius D. Clay

36. Berlin airlift documents • Read through each of the two excerpts regarding the Berlin Airlift. • Complete 7 steps to the main idea for each document • Decide which course of action you agree with after reading the documents and using what you just learned today. • Airlift supplies to West Berlin • Leave West Berlin to the Soviets • Explain why you think the action you chose is best. Be sure to support your opinion with evidence and information from the documents or class.

37. The Berlin Wall • Background: • Large numbers of East Germans were moving to West Germany • Had to go through West Berlin • Soviet Union very upset with the large number of migrants • Migration in Numbers: • 3 million migrants from East to West between 1949-1958 • June 1961: 19,000 left East Germany • July 1961: 30,000 • August 12, 1961: 2,400 (most in a single day)

38. construction • After such a huge number of defectors in one day, Premier Kruschev gives orders to block border between East and West Berlin for good. • In 11 days the first wall was up • Barbed wire • Concrete blocks • Virtually impossible to get from East to West Berlin • Used to be able to travel easily between the two sides of Berlin • 3 access points that were heavily guarded

39. Berlin wall • Fortified and reinforced many times over the years • 12 feet tall • 4 feet deep • Barbed wire • “Death Strip” on East German side • Berlin was divided from 1961-1989 • Halted migration from East to West • Escape difficult but not impossible • 5,000 escaped between 1961-1989 (600 were border guards) • Jump out of nearby windows • Drive through wall in sections that weren’t heavily guarded and fortified • Crawling through sewers • Hot Air Balloons! • Torn down in November 1989 as Cold War came to an end

40. Berlin Wall- pictures

41. Berlin Wall –pictures and links • The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall • Pictures • Then and Now • 25 years • 10 great escapes • 8 creative escapes

42. COLD WAR TIMELINE • Now that you have some background on the Cold War and two specific examples of how it played out in Germany, you are going to create a timeline of other major events of the Cold War that occurred in Europe. • There were MANY other events related to the Cold War that occurred that are not on your timeline. These are a few of the major events that impacted Europe throughout the decades of the Cold War.

43. Cold war timeline • Can work individually or with a partner • Timeline with descriptions • Everyone INDIVIDUALLY is choosing the most significant event and explaining how it had the greatest impact on the Cold War • Extra Credit: Include illustrations for the events on the timeline- must demonstrate neatness, thought, and effort

44. Stop for night crossing