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Warm Up

Warm Up. Diffusion is the process of a new idea or a product spreading from one culture to another culture With your neighbor come up with one real life example of the following diffusion topics: Technological Diffusion Linguistic (language) Diffusion Religious Diffusion

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Warm Up

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  1. Warm Up Diffusion is the process of a new idea or a product spreading from one culture to another culture With your neighbor come up with one real life example of the following diffusion topics: • Technological Diffusion • Linguistic (language) Diffusion • Religious Diffusion • Architectural Diffusion

  2. Label the 4 early River Valley Civilizations on your map: • Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) • Egyptian Civilization - Nile River • Harappan Civilization - Indus River • Ancient China - Huang He River China Huang He

  3. Sphinx ANCIENT EGYPT

  4. Examine this quote: “Egypt, the gift of the Nile.” ~ Herodotus, Greek historian (484-432 B.C.E.) 1. What do you infer from this quote, what did Herodotus mean by “the gift of the Nile”?

  5. The Nile provided irrigation and predictable flooding, which provided the ability to farm in a desert region

  6. Middle East invasions 2a.) However, Egypt was rarely invaded. What do you believe kept them safe? Geography - Desert and the Seas   2b.) How was the Nile River Valley vulnerable to invasions in the past? Invasions came from over the Middle East.

  7. THINK AHEAD: Turn to your partner and discuss the following: • 3. Describe how the Nile River affected farming, trade and religion in Ancient Egypt.

  8. GEOGRAPHY • deserts formed natural barrier • “black land” • “red land” • predictableflooding • Nile provided farming in the desert.

  9. FACTS: THE NILE • part of it flows in the opposite direction of prevailing winds • flows from South to North • has many cataracts

  10. The Nile fans out into a delta as it empties to the Mediterranean Sea flowing from South to North. Next Slide: Zoomed in Here

  11. RELIGION GOVERNMENT

  12. VOCABULARY THEOCRACY: government whose Ruler is a King / and considered a god -a.k.a god-king DYNASTY: series of rulers from a same family

  13. Osiris Isis Horus Ra Anubis Thoth POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION

  14. mummification: process of embalming and drying corpses to preventdecay Discuss this with your neighbor: • 4.) What was the Egyptian view of the afterlife and why did they develop this idea?

  15. The afterlife was very important to ancient Egyptians; through mummification they preserved their rulers bodies in the afterlife.

  16. Believed each pharaoh ruled even after death, because they all possessed the same eternal spirit = ka; and being god, naturally bore full responsibility for Egypt’s well-being. • Therefore, Pharaoh’s tomb very important, because it was still a place of rule. • Built massive tombs called pyramids.

  17. The mummy of Ramses II (1304 -1237 BC ) Tutankhamun’s Burial Mask still preserved today, 3,200 years later, at the Cairo Museum.

  18. CONTRIBUTIONS: • architecture/art • papyruspaper • hieroglyphics

  19. How we decoded the hieroglyphics… The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799 A.D. The Rosetta Stone can be viewed by tourists today in the British Museum.

  20. Scientific Achievements • Stone columns • Solar calendar • Geometry • numeric system on base 10 (decimal) • Irrigation and agriculture • Astronomy • Medicine • engineers and architects

  21. Unfortunately the Egyptians took their years of well-protected geographic isolation for granted and made little real defensive preparations should the unthinkable happen. The unthinkable happened. Thebes N I L E G Y P T R. Invaded by the Hyksos, an Asiatic people, great chariot-riders – which they introduced in Egypt for the first time. These foreigners bring the Middle Kingdom period to an end and will rule Egypt for 70 years. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  22. The wheel did not arrive in Egypt until the Hyksos invasion with chariots in the 16th century BC.  • The Egyptians adopted the wheel and the chariots for their transportation. • What is this an example of? Technological DIFFUSION Ironically the Egyptians then used the chariots to drive the Hyksos out of power in Egypt

  23. Compare and ContrastMesopotamia and Egypt

  24. Thesis Paragraph • Which river valley civilization would be a better place to live, Mesopotamia or Egypt? X. However, A,B, & C. Therefore, Y.

  25. INDUS RIVER VALLEYIndia

  26. GEOGRAPHY Subcontinent – large landmass forming a distinct part of a continent

  27. Geography (cont.) monsoons= seasonal wind protected by several mountain ranges Indus-Ganges Plain dominate climate Indus drains into Arabian Sea

  28. CHALLENGES A. unpredictable flooding B. cycle of wet & dry seasons

  29. C. The settlements sometimes were forced to changed location because the river changed course. Oh NO!!

  30. REFLECTION: 5.) What do you think was the greatest challenge faced by people living along the Indus? unpredictable rivers strong winds / monsoons

  31. Indus River Valley Civilization • Historians know very little about this civilization because they have not yet deciphered the Indus system of writing • Archaeologist have found evidence of agriculture, domestication of sheep & goats. • Also that the civilization was much larger that Mesopotamia and Egypt. That they had a sophisticated city planning. Few weapons were found suggesting that conflict was limited • Archaeologist also found stamps and seals found in India from Mesopotamia suggesting trading

  32. TIMELINE: Early Settlement • 7000 BC - Agriculture & domestication of sheep, goats • 3200 BC - first evidence of farming in villages along river • 1750 BC – decline of cities • 1500 BC - Early Indus Valley - Harappan civilization collapsed • 1500-250 BC- Aryans warriors invade& implementing a caste system

  33. Planned cities in the Indus Valley • streets were made in a grid • citadel • sewage and water systems • uniform housing • early religious artifacts found The finer things in life Note: The religions of Hinduism and Buddhism both originate from India

  34. What happened to the Harappan civilization on the Indus River? Above: The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro. Surrounding pics: various Harappan artifacts. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  35. 6.) Why did this civilization disappear? • Evidence Several unburied skeletons are found along with homes and possessions being abandoned. The people may have overworked the land(overcutting trees, overgrazed, over farmed land depleting nutrients) Invaders - The disputed (A.I.T.) Aryan InvasionTheory

  36. Aryans1000B.C. • Indo-European (nomadic warriors) crossed over the northwest mountains into the Indus River Valley. • Created a Caste System or a social class ranking system were the Aryan race were seem as the “nobles” and the Indus race were inferior • Introduced Hinduism • Competed for land and power

  37. Huang He River Valley China ENTER A Chinese junk on the Huang He today. An artist visualizes what the ancient Chinese village of Banpo on the Huang He may have looked like over 4,000 years ago. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

  38. Chinese script is unique, isn’t it? Think about other elements of Chinese culture: Chinese architecture, music, technology, dress and fashion, and eastern belief systems… Also unique! Gobi Desert Taklimakan Desert Himalaya Mts. Pacific Ocean Discuss with your partner: 7. Based on the map, why did China develop apart from other cultures? • China’s geographyocean, desert, high mountains, isolated China. Isolated geographically, cut off from trade, there would be little opportunity for cultural diffusion in China’s case. Developing in a vacuum, China’s civilization would stand out as the most unique of our world’s early civilizations.

  39. China Geography • Two major rivers Huang He in the North and the Yangtze in central China. Suitable farm land lay in between the two rivers. • When flooding occurred it would devoured all the villages earning the nickname “China’s Sorrow” • Loess- dusty yellowish silt that was blown in from the desert (silt was fertile soil)

  40. Dynasty: series of rulers from a same family

  41. Ancient China Neolithic ca. 12,000 - 2000 B.C. Xia ca. 2100-1800 B.C. Shang 1700-1027 B.C. Western Zhou 1027-771 B.C. Eastern Zhou 770-221 B.C. Warring States period 475-221 B.C.

  42. Confucianism Emphasis on order, balance, things to make this world better Social Hierarchy (father over son, husband over wife, emperor over subjects, etc.) Importance of family, ancestors, tradition the most important virtue was respect for one’s parents Value of ritual and education Religion The primary goal of Confucianism was to restore the social order through proper behavior

  43. Early Religious Beliefs Believed that sprits of family ancestors had power to bring good fortune or disaster to living members. Shang Kings consulted the gods through oracle bones where priest had scratched questions for the gods to answer. Oracle Bones

  44. Important Vocabulary • Dynasty: series of rulers from a same family • Mandate of Heaven: Royal authority came from heaven, a just ruler had divine approval • Dynastic Cycle: The rise and decline, replacement of a dynasty • Feudalism: political system in which nobles, are granted the use of land that legally belongs to the king, in return for loyalty, military service, and protection to the people who live in their estate.

  45. China’s Technology • Chinese method of writing, each characterstands for an idea not a sound --one could read Chinese without being able to speak it, thus unifying a large diverse people. • Bronze work was a leading craft • Iron weapons and tools (which is stronger that bronze) made farm work easier and faster • Silk cloth • Zhou introduced coined money to improve trade

  46. In each civilization the people settled near rivers. Define irrigation This lead to the development of irrigation which in turn brought about an abundance of food. 8.) How would an increase supply of food affect families, jobs, and government? ie…Population increase, better health, specialized jobs such as basket weaving, tool making, scribe. Governments were then needed to organize large community projects

  47. Connecting the Dots • Similarities and Differences for each Mesopotamia Egypt China India

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