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Understanding Earthquakes: Causes and Types of Stress

Learn about how different types of stress, such as tensional, compressional, and shearing, lead to earthquakes. Explore the Elastic Rebound Theory and the occurrence of earthquakes along fault lines, including normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults. Discover the impact of stress on rock formations and the resulting seismic activity in various boundary types. Delve into the mechanisms behind fault movements and the seismic events triggered by stress interactions.

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Understanding Earthquakes: Causes and Types of Stress

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  1. Types of Stress that cause Earthquakes Chapter 8

  2. What is an Earthquake? • An Earthquake is the vibrations produced when a rock snaps and breaks under different types of stress.

  3. Types of Stress • Tensional – pulls rocks APART • Compressional – pushes rocks TOGETHER • Shearing – pulls rocks ALONG each other https://www.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/elearning/module10swf.swf

  4. The Elastic Rebound Theory • Rocks will bend until they reach their Elastic Limit. • Then they will break (crack) • This forms a Fault

  5. How do Earthquakes Occur? • Rocks on a fault are jagged & get stuck when plates move. • Stress Builds • Rocks bend until they can’t & then snap back to their original position. (Elastic Rebound Theory)

  6. Parts of a Fault Footwall Hanging Wall

  7. Normal Fault

  8. Rocks/plates are pulled apart Tension causes the hanging wall to fall down. Divergent Boundary Caused by Tensional Stress

  9. Normal Fault

  10. Normal Fault

  11. Normal Fault

  12. Reverse Fault

  13. Caused by Compressional Stress • Rocks/plates are pushed together. • Causes the Hanging wall to move up. • Earthquakes!!!! • Convergent Boundary

  14. Reverse Fault

  15. Reverse Fault

  16. Thrust Fault • A special Reverse fault • Angle of fault plane is shallow.

  17. Strike-Slip Fault

  18. Caused by Shearing Stress • Rock/plates are sliding in opposite directions. • Movement is only horizontal. • EARTHQUAKES!!! • Transform Boundary

  19. Strike Slip Fault

  20. Strike – Slip Fault

  21. Oblique-Slip Fault • Horizontal and Vertical Movement • Caused by Tensional and Shear Stress. • Transform and Divergent Boundaries

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