INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS The United Nations

1. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSThe United Nations Unit 22

2. Internationalorganizations • Intergovernmentalbodies(members = states /internationalorganizations) • Based on internationalagreements (a charter, a convention, a statute) • Theirown legal personality(≠ legalpersonalityoffoundingstates / other IO) FUNCTIONS: legislative + executive

3. History – PART I THE PRECURSOR to the United Nations = The League of Nations (LON) - an intergovernmental organization - founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference. - from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members.

4. LON’s goals • preventing war through collective security, disarmament • settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration ADDITIONAL issues the LON worked on: labour conditions,just treatment of native inhabitants, trafficking in persons and drugs, arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe

5. PROBLEMS – the end of the LON • The League lacked its own armed force • depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, • incapable of preventing aggression by the Axispowers in the 1930s • Germany withdrew from the League, soon followed by other aggressive powers. • The onset of World War II= the League had failed its primary purpose - to avoid any future world war.

6. History – PART II • Opened for signature on June 26, 1945 in San Francisco (Conference on International Organizations, presence of 50 member countries) - Entered into force October 24, 1945after being ratified by the five permanent members of the SECURITY COUNCIL: the People’s Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK and the USA The Charter of the UN

7. STRUCTURE OF THE FOUNDING TREATY

8. Purposesofthe UN Chapter 1, Art 1 – “to maintain international peace and security” NOT ONLY, BUT ALSO • Economic and social cooperation • Solvingproblemsofclimatechage, humanitarianissues, human rightsprotection

9. Main organs of the UN SIX MAIN UN ORGANS General Assembly Security Council Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council* International Court of Justice Secretariat * 2005 World Summit Outcome – headsofstatesagreed to leaveoutfromthe Charter chapter XIII, andpartsofthechapter XII, whereitwasmentioned. Opća skupština, Vijeće sigurnosti, Ekonomsko i socijalno vijeće, Starateljsko vijeće, Međunarodni sud, Tajništvo

10. The General Assembly • Representatives from 193 member states • Meet at the ANNUAL SESSION (September, New York) • Election of the GA President – a one-year term of office • a unique forum for multilateral discussion of of international issues covered by the Charter • topics: security issues, admission of new members, budgetary issues (approval of the UN budget), codification of international law

11. One of the big UN achievements...UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS • adopted by the United Nations GeneralAssemblyon December 10, 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris • based on the experience of the Second World War • represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are entitled • consists of 30 articles

12. The Declaration is a part of THE INTERNATIONAL BILLOF HUMAN RIGHT • an informal name given to two international treaties and one General Assembly resolution established by the United Nations. It consists of: 1. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted in 1948), 2. the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) with its two Optional Protocols and 3. the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). The two covenants entered into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them.

13. United Nations Security Council COMPOSTION, MEMBERSHIP AND PRESIDENCY • It has 15 members, and each member has one vote • 5 permanent members with veto power and 10 non-permanent members, elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term • meets at any given time when the need arises • Rotating presidency: members take turn at holding the presidency for one month.

14. United Nations Security Council RESPONSIBILITIES • Under the Charter - primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security • takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression • can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security • recommends to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and the admission of new Members to the United Nations • together with the General Assembly, it elects the judges of the International Court of Justice

15. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) • 54 members elected by the General Assembly (a three-year term of office) • established by the UN Charter • the principal organ to coordinate the economic, social and related work of the United Nations • voting in the Council is by simple majority; each member has one vote.

16. The Trusteeship Council • operational in the period 1945 – 1994 DOES NOT OPERATE ANY MORE • established in 1945 by the UN Charter to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories placed under the administration of 7 Member States • had to ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government and independence. • by 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence(e.g. New Guinea under Australian administration until 1975)

17. The International Court of Justice • located at the Hague in the Netherlands • established in June 1945 bythe Charter of the United Nations (The Statute ofthe International Court ofJustice is an integral partoftheCharter) • began work in April 1946 • 15 independentjudges • the principal judicial organ of the United Nations • settles legal disputes between states and gives advisory opinions to the UN and its specialized agencies

18. Secretariat • an international staff working in duty stations around the world • carries out diverse day-to-day work of the Organization • services the other principal organs of the United Nations and administers the programmes and policies laid down by them • dutiesincludeadministering peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from surveying economic and social trends and problems to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development • At its head is the Secretary-General • currently the post is occupied by AntónioGuterresfrom Portugal, who took office on 1 January 2017 (5 yearsrenewabletermof office) .

19. UN Agencies • Support for children and their paretns, especially motherhood - _____________ • Educational, scientific and cultural issues – _______________ • Emergency situation related to public health – ______________________ • Multilateral projects and actions in prevention of hunger - ___________________

20. POSITION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA • 22May 1992 Croatia gained Internationalrecognition as a UN Member state. On May 3, 2010, Ivan Šimonovićwas appointed UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights. His termof office ended 24 June 2016 and he wassucceededbyAndrewGilmourfromthe UK

21. Language work Completetheexercises IV and V, page 222

22. Part II – Statute oftheInternational Court ofJustice • Scanthetextand do theexercise I • Do theexercise II – IV to improveyourlanguageskills. Pay a specialattention to thetranslationexercise Nr. III.