Warm-up (in notebook)

1. Warm-up (in notebook) • What was the cash-carry program? Lend-lease program? • How did FDR push the US towards war? • What was the significance of Pearl Harbor? How was the US Navy affected?

2. Essential Question: • What role did the U.S. play in winning the wars in Europe & the Pacific?

3. When the U.S. entered WW2 in late 1941, victory seemed remote Japan dominated the western half of the Pacific Ocean Germany controlled almost all of Europe Germany pressed into Russia Axis armies controlled Northern Africa & threatened the Suez Canal But…over the next 2 years, the U.S. & the Allies began to win the wars in Europe & the Pacific

4. Europe 1941-1943 England wanted to attack Italy from Northern Africa in 1942 The USSR “freed” Poland, Hungary, Romania The U.S. wanted to attack across Nazi-controlled France by 1943 In 1942, U.S.-Anglo troops began the Italian campaign & Stalin was ANGRY To win the European campaign, 2 different plans were proposed In 1943, the Soviet army won at Stalingrad; Germany was never again on the offensive

5. “Europe First” Strategy • Allies battle U-boats in the Atlantic • German “Wolf packs” sink merchant ships • Convoys, radar help Allies • Battle of Stalingrad • Germany attacked Russia,June 1941 • Germany was defeated by 1943 • TURNING POINT of the war; Germany retreating (90,000 troops captured)

6. The Battle of Stalingrad - Background • Germans begin “Operation Barbarossa” on June 22, 1941. • Invasion of Russia goes very quickly. By December Germans are on the verge of taking Moscow. • Russian winter halts German advance. Germans dig in, lines stabilize by spring, 1942.

7. German Goals • Capture Stalingrad • Move southeast and capture Crimean oil fields • Use the capture of Stalingrad as propaganda in war effort

8. Russian Response • Stalin orders all Russians who are able to fight to defense of Stalingrad. • Soviets run short on supplies • Soviet soldiers ordered not to retreat under any circumstances. • Result is fierce urban fighting. • Factories and buildings become fortresses for Russians • Germans call fighting in Stalingrad “rattenkrieg” • War of the rats

9. The Eastern Front

10. The Battle of Stalingrad • Aug. 21, 1942 – Feb. 2, 1943 • One of the bloodiest battles in human history • Between 1.5 and 2 million people killed during battle. • Over 50000 Russian civilians killed during bombing raids. • Ordered not to evacuate by Stalin, in order to increase the morale of defenders.

11. Turning Point of the War • German Army eventually surrounded by Russian Army, trapped at Stalingrad. • Germans lose an entire army. • 90000 Germans captured. • Only 5000 survive Russian prison camps • Germans forced to give up push for Crimean Oil fields • After Stalingrad Germans gain no new territory.

12. The Allies began to win the Battle of the Atlantic in 1941 with Lend-Lease aid, but took control in 1943 with America’s entry into the war

13. Allied invasion ofNorth Africa • Operation Torch • Key Leaders: • Gen. Dwight Eisenhower • Gen. George Patton • May 1943 – German & Italian troops surrenderin Tunisia

14. Allied invasion of Italy • July 1943 – British & American armies invade Sicily • Mussolini overthrown • Allies defeat Italy • Sept 1943 – Italy surrenders

15. War in Europe • Operation Torch (November 1943) • Casablanca Conference (1943)—unconditional surrender of Axis • Battle of Atlantic—won by U. S. in 1943 • Sicily invaded on July 10, 1943 • September 1944, Italy mainland invaded • Anzio landings on January 22, 1944 • Rome fell on June 4, 1944

16. British & American bombers batter Germany • To relieve pressure on Stalin & the Soviet Union, Allied bombers attack German cities • Target political & industrial centers • Tuskegee Airmen – African Americansquadron, protectedbombers from enemy pilots • 1,500+ missions, zero causalities

17. Carpet Bombing of German Cities • Allies begin large scale daylight bombing raids on German cities. • Designed to demoralize German citizens and destroy production capacity of Germany. • Millions of buildings destroyed, possibly as many as 500,000 German civilians killed.

19. Europe 1944-1945 U.S. & British troops landed at 5 strategic points, pushed through France drove towards Germany The long-awaited 2nd front came on June 6, 1944 with D-Day

20. Allied ingenuity helped win the war: U.S. soldiers were trained to problem-solve rather than wait for orders Hedgerows in Normandy

21. The Road to Victory – WWII Endgame 1944 (1) Operation Fortitude - Calais (3) Liberation of Paris August 1944 Europe Leading up to D-Day; Attempt to fool Germans (4) Battle of the Bulge (2) Operation Overlord December 1944- January 1945 Last major Germancounterattack; wasunsuccessful & crippledGermany’s forces D-Day Invasion of Normandy Allies land on the beaches ofNazi-controlled France June 6, 1944 Omaha The beach where many UStroops landed & faced heavyGerman resistance

22. Operation Fortitude • Fictitious army created under command of Gen. Patton • Used phony, inflatable tanks & weapons made of cardboard • Also, fake scriptedradio messages • Fooled Hitler & German intelligence, paved the way for an invasion of Normandy

23. The liberation of Europe • Soviet forces move westward, liberating the Balkans. • Allied forces move eastward liberating France, and the low countries • In April 1945 Soviets and Americans link up at the Elbe River.

24. Operation Overlord and After • Teheran Conference—Cross-channel invasion • June 6, 1944—landings in Normandy (5,000 U. S. casualties on Day One) • Paris fell August 25, 1944 • Battle of the Bulge, Dec. 16, 1944—January 26, 1945 • March 7, 1945, Bridge at Remagen seized • May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered

26. Ike with Paratroopers before D-Day

27. Operation Overlord (D-Day) – June 6, 1944 – Allied invasion of France

28. Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944) German Prisoners Higgins Landing Crafts

29. American troops following their landing on “Omaha” beach

30. Yalta Conference in February 1945 To recognize the independence & sovereignty of nations in Eastern Europe • The “Big 3” met at Yalta to discuss post-war Europe given the eminent defeat of Germany: • Stalin refused to give up Eastern Europe but he did agree to “self-determination” • Stalin agreed to send Soviet troops to the Pacific after the German surrender if the USSR could keep Manchuria

32. Soon after the Yalta Conference in Feb 1945, FDR died…and Harry Truman became president

33. April 12, 1945 – FDR Dies

34. Harry Truman (“Give ‘em Hell Harry”)

35. In late April 1945, the Allies broke through the Eastern & Western Fronts forcing both Italy & Germany to surrender

36. Hitler and Eva die together in suicide

37. Führerbunker

38. “Island-hopping” allowed the Allies to win strategic islands without investing precious time, resources, & American lives The Doolittle Raid on Tokyo on April 18, 1942 was a morale boost U.S. victory at Midway in 1942 gave the Allies naval supremacy

39. Fighting in the Philippines • Allied forces attacked by Japan • Gen. Douglas MacArthur forcedto evacuate • Allied troops surrender, captured,forced to march over 60 miles (Bataan Death March) • The Doolittle Raid • US planes bombed Tokyo in retaliation for Pearl Harbor;boosted US morale

40. Battle of Coral Sea • Japan attacks New Guinea;Allied forces (US & Australia)defeat the Japanese • Momentum shifts toward the US,confidence rising

41. Turning Point in the Pacific – Battle of Midway • Japan hopes to capture Midway, an American naval base in the Pacific • US commander Chester Nimitz intercepts the Japanese plans • June 4, 1942 – Japan attacks, but US is victorious • TURNING POINT: Japan retreats, US on the offensive

42. America on the offensive – Guadalcanal • August 1942 – US attacks Japanese at Guadalcanal on the Solomon Islands • Three months of fighting, US victory • US troops begin “island-hopping” on the way to Japan

43. War in the Pacific • Island Hoping and Leapfrogging • January 1943, New Guinea Invaded • Tarawa invaded, Nov. 20, 1943 • Marianas secured on June 19, 20, 1944 • Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 25, 1944 • Iwo Jima, February 19, 1945 • Okinawa, April 1, 1945

44. The Japanese refused to play by according to the Geneva Convention “rules” of war

45. Iwo Jima – February 19, 1945Bloodiest Battle in Marine Corp History (6812 die)

46. World War II in the Pacific The German surrender in May 1945, allowed the U.S. to turn its full attention towards Japan Victories at Saipan in 1944 & Iwo Jima & Okinawa in 1945 allowed for bombings on Japan

47. Okinawa (April 1, 1945) – largest invasion in history, 300 miles from Japan – defended by 300,000 Japanese (Kamikaze Missions)

49. Americans bomb Japan • Tokyo and other Japanese cities firebombed by U.S. • Estimates of civilian deaths in Tokyo range from 90,000 to over 100,000 • Most Japanese buildings constructed from wood.

50. War in the Pacific • U. S. plans to invade Japan: Operations Coronet and Olympic, but war casualties rise • Firebombing raids on Tokyo, March 1945 • Decision to use Atomic Bomb • August 6, 1945—Hiroshima; August 9, 1945, Nagasaki • Japanese sue for peace on August 14, 1945 • Formal Surrender on U. S. Missouri, September 2, 1945.