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British Colony (1858-1947 CE)

British Colony (1858-1947 CE). British East India Company attracted by wealth of Mogul India (spices, cotton, silk, indigo, salt, tea, and opium) Royal Charter in 1600 – allowed access to ports by Mogul emperors 1858 – British Crown assumed direct control (“The British Raj”).

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British Colony (1858-1947 CE)

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  1. British Colony(1858-1947 CE) • British East India Company attracted by wealth of Mogul India (spices, cotton, silk, indigo, salt, tea, and opium) • Royal Charter in 1600 – allowed access to ports by Mogul emperors • 1858 – British Crown assumed direct control (“The British Raj”)

  2. Independence (1947) • 1885 – Indian National Congress founded • Leaders educated in England • Eventually gained 15 million members and 70 million participants • Mohandas Gandhi • Leader of Indian nationalism • Lawyer educated in London • Non-violent civil disobedience

  3. Hindu-Muslim Relations • Muslim minority worried about how they would be treated in an independent India • Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League demanded an independent Muslim state

  4. Partition (1947) • Two states: India and Pakistan (East & West) • 12.5 million people displaced • 500,000 – 1 million people dead (estimates) • Problems: • Independence was declared prior to partition so the new states had to maintain order • No plans for large population movements • Breakdown of law and order; riots, massacres and death from the journey

  5. India-Pakistan Conflicts • Competition for strategically located states (ex: Kashmir) • Autonomous under British; chose to remain autonomous after independence • 70% Muslim but the Maharaja of Kashmir was Hindu • 1947, 1965, 1971 wars for Kashmir • Status has not changed – split between India, Pakistan,and China • Water • India buildup of military/nuclear power • Himalayas no longer provide protection (Who does India need protection from?)

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