European Societies Around 1492

1. European Societies Around 1492 Chapter 1 Section 4 Page 20

2. Starter • Define Reformation • What provided reading material to the masses? • What was Martin Luther’s 95 theses? • _________ were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory

3. Answers • Reformation – a religious movement in 16th century Europe, growing out of a desire for reform in the Roman Catholic Church leading to the establishment of various Protestant churches. • The printing Press • A dispute and critique of the indulgences as corrupting people’s faith.

4. Explore • http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/exploration-of-north-america/videos/columbus-quest-for-gold

5. Social order • Renaissance – period when Europeans began investigating all aspects of the physical world. • Europeans communities based on social hierarchy – organized according to rank. • Monarchs & nobles at the top of hierarchy. • Peasants at the bottom (majority) • Nobility offered land & protection to peasants. • Few individuals moved beyond to rank they were born in to.

6. Social order • Merchant class did move up the social ladder. • Monarchs needed them to finance overseas exploration & expansion.

7. Family in society • Extended family not as important • Life centered around nuclear family • Gender determined the division of labor

8. Crusading Christianity • Church called Christian armies to force Muslims out of the Holy Land near Jerusalem. • 1096 – 1270 launched the Crusades – series of military expeditions in the Middle East. • Failed to “rescue” the Holy Land • Consequences • Sparked an increase in trade • Weakened the power of the nobles • Decreased the power of the pope

9. Decline in church authority • Disagreements over church authority & corrupt polices led to the Reformation. • Reformation – divided Christianity in western Europe b/w Catholicism and Protestantism.

10. Growth of commerce & population • Crusades opened up Asian trade routes. • New markets established • Silk • Tea • Porcelain • Europe’s population recovered from the plagues increasing city growth. • Stimulated commerce • The expansion of Europe pushed Europeans to look to other lands.

11. Rise of nations • Crusades weakened the nobility and strengthened monarchies.

12. renaissance • Led to more secular spirits, an interest in worldly pleasures. • New confidence in human achievement • Started in Italy and spread north • Artists use realism • Stress individualism • Prompted many to seek glory through adventure, discovery, & conquest.

13. IV. Europe Enters a New Age of Expansion A. Overland Travel to Asia • Expense, danger of journeys lead to search for alternative route B. Sailing Technology • Navigating instruments, new sailing technology promote exploration C. Portugal Takes the Lead • Prince Henryof Portugal called “Henry the Navigator” - founds sailing school - sends Portuguese ships to explore west coast of Africa • Traders sail around Africa via Indian Ocean; increase profit

14. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

15. The crusades weakened the nobility and strengthen monarchies. • By the late 100s four major nations were taking shape in western Europe: Portugal, Spain, France, and England.

16. 1.5 Transatlantic Encounters Columbus’s voyages set off a chain of events that bring together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

17. European Exploration The Mentality Mercantilism - Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported to build up it’s supply of gold and silver (wealth). All profits went to the Nation!!! Zero-sum gain - There is a fixed sum of wealth in the world, and for every winner there is a loser… Question: Why do you think Europeans went exploring? Answer: MONEY and RESOURCES!!! War was a big drain!

18. European Exploration: Motivations Motivations (for): 1) Europeans were also looking for new trade routes to India, China, and other places… Why? 2) Europeans were also looking to spread Christianity… 1) The 3 G’s - God, Gold, and Glory 2) Capabilities

19. I. Columbus Crosses the Atlantic A. First Encounters • In 1492, Christopher Columbusattempts to reach Asia by sailing west • MeetsTaino —natives of Caribbean; renames their island San Salvador B. Gold, Land, and Religion • Columbus searches for gold, claims lands for Spain, plants crosses • Explores small islands and coastlines of Cuba, Hispaniola

20. European Exploration : Motivations (1) God: Spread the good word! 1492 - Christopher Columbus sets out to find new Trade routes to India and China to cut out the middle-men (the Ottomans) The Ottomans were Muslims… bad to Christians… Every time Europeans wanted to trade with China or India they had to pass through Ottoman trading posts; this meant that they had to give money to the Muslims. If money = power, who was getting powerful in this deal?

21. C. Spanish Footholds • Columbus leads 3 more voyages; takes soldiers, priests, colonists • Spanish and others first occupy Caribbean island, then mainland NEXT

22. V. A New Society is Born A. Three Cultures Affect One Another • Columbus returns to Spain (1504), disappointed did not find China • People transformed as unfamiliar customs come together • Impossible to impose European ways on others— blended society emerges

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