The French and Indian War

1. The French and Indian War

2. Background • European countries were constantly fighting • European countries tried to control as much land and as much trade as possible

3. Triangle of Hatred • England • France • Spain

4. 18th Century Success Secret more land + more trade + more gold = more wealth & more power

5. 18th Century Success Secret more land + more trade + more gold = more wealth & more power Mercantilism

6. Colonial Land Grab • Colonists “bumped” into each other. • Colonists explored each others’ land. • Colonists claimed each others’ land. Native Americans were always caught in the middle.

7. A Series of Wars… Wars between the English, the French and their Indian allies in North America: • 1675-1675 King Philip’s War • 1689-1697 King William’s War • 1702-1713 Queen Anne’s War • 1744-1748 King George’s War • 1755-1763 French & Indian War

8. French forts in the Ohio Valley angered the English.

9. The French Irritation… • In the 1750s, France started building forts around the Great Lakes and into the Ohio River valley. • French had better trading relations with the Indians than the English did... especially the fur trade. • France controlled land from the St. Lawrence River (north) to New Orleans (south); wanted to control western PA

10. George’s First Command • VA claimed western PA too. • G. Washington was a wealthy planter and member of Virginia militia (volunteer soldiers). • VA Governor Dinwiddie sent GW and militia to PA to build a road through the mountains. • The road from VA to PA would help “claim” the land for VA.

11. George’s First Command • Dinwiddie ordered GW to tell the French to leave (May, 1754). • VA militia killed a French “ambassador” by mistake. • French forces outnumbered GW and VA militia. • GW built Fort Necessity. • French forces captured GW and sent him home embarrassed.

12. Think Break • Think about what you have learned so far in this presentation • Analyze the quality of George Washington’s leadership so far • Share your assessment of GW with two other students

13. BACK TO LESSON Albany Plan of Union - Ben. Franklin published this cartoon in 1754 urging colonies to unite for defense. - 7 Colonies sent representatives to Albany, NY to devise a common government - Not one colony approved the “Albany Plan.” Join, or Die (1754), Benjamin Franklin

14. Preparing for War • In late 1754, France sent several army regiments to defend Canadian territory. • In late 1754, Britain sent professional soldiers to America commanded by General Edward Braddock. • Both Britain and France tried to secure the help of Native Americans. • In June 1755, Braddock led nearly 2000 British soldiers and some colonial militia to the French Fort Duquesne, PA. (near Pittsburgh, PA)

15. Recognizing the Players “red coats” for professional British troops “blue coats” for amateur American militia

16. Recognizing the Players “no coats” for Native Americans (the “Indians”) “white coats” for professional French troops

17. Braddock Blunders… • Washington served as one of Braddock’s aides-de-camp (advisor and guide). • GW warned Braddock that troops lined up in columns and rows made easy targets. • Braddock believed that British troops were better than colonial militia or the French and Indians; he ignored GW’s advice. • July 9, French and Indians ambushed the British as they marched alongside the Monongahela River (near Pittsburgh, PA).

18. Battle of the Monongahela • French and Indians attacked from behind trees and rocks. British stood in straight lines to return fire. • Braddock had five horses shot out from under him. Braddock was shot and died four days later. • GW had two horses shot from under him and four bullet holes in his uniform… GW led the survivors back to Virginia. • British losses: nearly 1000 soldiers, artillery, and supplies. • French and Indian losses: 30 soldiers.

19. Think Break • Think about what you have learned so far in this presentation • Analyze the after action report from Washington to Governor Dinwiddie • Share your assessment of GW with two different students

20. Britain Declares War! • News of Braddock’s defeat reached London and Britain declared war on France, beginning the Seven Years’ War. • It was a “world war”…French, British, and Spanish forces clashed in Cuba, the West Indies, India, the Philippines…as well as in North America and Europe. • Early years of the war were disastrous for the British and the British colonies.

21. Pitt Takes Charge • British performance improved after William Pitt became Secretary of State and then Prime Minister. • Pitt wanted Britain to win the war no matter the cost; Britain went deep into debt. • Pitt sent some of Britain’s best generals, troops, and naval squadrons to the Colonies. • Overwhelming British strength won the war.

22. The Treaty of Paris • signed in Paris, France in 1763. • France gave Canada its lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain. • France gave its lands west of the Mississippi River (including Louisiana Territory) to Spain. • France kept four Caribbean islands. • Spain gave Florida to Great Britain.

23. Results of the F & I War British: • acquired more land • became a world-wide “super power” • grew resentful of colonial “blundering” and the cost of defending the colonies

24. Results of the F & I War • French: • lost almost all land in North America • no longer important in American development • Native Americans: • continued to lose control over land in North America

25. North America: Before and After BACK TO LESSON European Claims in North America, 1754 and 1763 Back to Maps

26. Results of the F & I War Colonists: • acquired land to expand • gained valuable military experience • found their first “American” hero…G.Washington • learned how to cooperate • began to think of themselves as “Americans”

27. Think Break • Think about the results of the French and Indian War • Who was the biggest “winner” and why? • Who was the biggest “loser” and why?

28. Proclamation of 1763 • King George III declared that Appalachian Mountains were the western boundary for all colonies; colonists could NOT cross mountains: • to separate the colonists from the Indians • to prevent future wars and expense • 10,000 British troops sent to “police” the border. • Proclamation angered many colonists, especially those who owned shares in land companies, such as the Ohio Company of Virginia.

29. American colonists forbidden to cross Appalachian Mountains.

30. Proclamation of 1763 • Proclamation of 1763 created tension between Britain and the colonies. • Britain placed additional taxes on the colonists to pay for defending the 13 colonies…this created more tension. • Indians traded with the British and the colonists, but regarded both as enemies. • Colonists migrated across the Appalachian Mountains anyway.

31. The French and Indian War… …was really the beginning of the American Revolutionary War