Crustaceamorph stem line

1. Arthropoda Modern crustacea Myriapoda Hexapoda Chelicerata Cenozoic (65-present) Trilobita Mesozoic (251-65 mya) Paleozoic (542-251 mya) Precambrian (>542 mya) Crustaceamorph stem line

2. Rupert et al. fig 21-23 Collembola Thysanura Ephemeroptera Odonata Neoptera “Apterygota” Pterygota Entognatha Insecta Hexapoda

3. Sternorrhyncha Mantodea Grylloblattaria Heteroptera Auchenorrhyncha Phasmida Anoplura Isoptera Holometabola Mallophaga Blattaria Zoraptera Psocoptera Orthoptera Thysanoptera Dermaptera Hemipteroids Plecoptera Neoptera

4. Zoraptera • Tropical • Live in rotting wood • Eat fungal hyphae, tiny arthropods • Poorly studied

5. Isoptera - termites Caste system within termite colonies Worker Soldier Queen Workers tend the colony, gather food Soldiers cannot feed themselves, they have a nozzle-shaped snout for exuding noxious chemicals; defend colony from ant attack. Queens add a set of ovaries with each molt → very high fecundity (1000’s/day); >1 Queen/colony; kings resemble large worker and mate repeatedly with queens

6. Termites • Several kinds of termites based on diet • Subterranean* (live up to 20 ft underground) • Soil-feeding • Drywood* • Dampwood • Grass-feeding * Types that infest and eat human buildings

7. Termites • All termites eat cellulose • Cellulose has high energy, but difficult to digest • Gut bacteria have cellulase • Gut protozoa have symbiotic bacteria in their guts • Some “higher” termites (subterranean) can produce cellulase, but they still also have a rich gut flora to aid in cellulose digestion

8. Mantodea – the mantids

10. Mantodea – the mantids • Raptorial first legs (“praying”) (also preying!) • Mobile neck joint • 3 extra eye on top of head • Sexual cannibalism: females eats male during copulation to get food and enhance sexual performance (tonus and locomotion of abdominal activity)

12. Blattaria – the cockroaches • Aka blattodea • Have mobile neck joint • A few feed on wood and have endosymbiotic flagellates (like isopterans) • Fast runners!

13. Sternorrhyncha Mantodea Grylloblattaria Heteroptera Auchenorrhyncha Phasmida Anoplura Isoptera Holometabola Mallophaga Blattaria Zoraptera Psocoptera Orthoptera Thysanoptera Dermaptera Hemipteroids Plecoptera Neoptera

14. Hemipteroids • Have piercing, sucking mouthparts

15. Hemipteroids • In days of old… • O Hemiptera, O Homoptera • Current thinking: • O Heteroptera = true bugs • O Sternorryncha = aphids, scale insects • O Auchenorryncha = leaf hoppers, tree hoppers, plant hoppers, cicadas, spittlebugs • Many hemipteroids are important crop pests

16. Heteroptera: true bugs

17. Sternorryncha Both aphids and scale insects are important crop pests Both form mutualistic interactions with ants (produce honeydew in exchange for protection)

18. Auchenorryncha

19. Psocoptera: bark lice, book lice • Live in humid crevices and feed on fungi (under bark, old musty books)

20. Other lice • O Anoplura – sucking lice of mammals • Often host-specific e.g. human crab louse, human head louse

21. Other lice • O Mallophaga – chewing lice • All non-anopluran lice (polyphyletic) • Mostly found on birds

22. Thysanoptera -thrips • Suctorial mouthparts • Common in flowers (serve as pollinators) • Vectors of disease on some crops • Fringed wings

23. Sternorrhyncha Mantodea Grylloblattaria Heteroptera Auchenorrhyncha Phasmida Anoplura Isoptera Holometabola Mallophaga Blattaria Zoraptera Psocoptera Orthoptera Thysanoptera Dermaptera Hemipteroids Plecoptera Neoptera

24. Holometabula • Hemimetabolous development • e.g. Odonata, Orthoptera, Blattodea • Mantodea, Hemipteroids • Incomplete metamorphosis • Wing pads present in pre-adult • Larvae often resemble small adults • Holometabolous development • e.g. coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, hymenoptera • Complete metamorphosis • Inactive pupal stage • Larvae do not • resemble parents • eat the same things as parents • live in the same habitat as parents

25. Trichoptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Diptera Siphonaptera Coleoptera Neuroptera Megaloptera Holometabola

28. O. Coleoptera – the beetles • 360,000 species (and counting) • Forewings are sheathed (elytra) • Found everywhere, do everything • Some are major agricultural pests

29. O. Neuroptera – ant lions, lace wings • Wings are finely veined • Larvae predaceous • Pupae mobile but do not eat

30. O. Megaloptera • Closely related to neuropterans • Dobsonflies, alderflies • Larvae aquatic Dobsonfly Alderfly

31. O. Hymenoptera • Ants, bees, wasps, hornets • Constriction at waist (reduced metathorax) • Form polymorphic social communities - due to haplodiploidy • Combined biomass of all the social insects = 80% of the Earth’s total biomass

34. O. Lepidoptera = scale-wing O. Trichoptera = bristle-wing

35. O. Siphonaptera – the fleas • Wingless ectoparasites of mammals and birds • Co-evolved parasite-host relationships, although many can switch hosts • Vectors of disease (plague)

36. O. Diptera – the flies • 151,000 species • 2 wings for flight, hind wings = halteres • Vectors of disease • Mosquitoes prevented Genghis Khan from conquering Russia, killed Alexander the Great, and played a huge influence in both world wars.