20 th /21 st Century

1. 20th/21st Century

2. Adjusted Grading structure of Class Participation Grade: 1/3 of Overall Grade • Zeros (not 50s) will be averaged into class participation grades for the following behaviors (not limited to 1 per day) or lack of: • Must raise hand and be called on to speak during presentations of any kind. • Must sit in assigned seat without correction. • Making racial, ethnic, religious slurs. (If you’re not sure, don’t say anything) • Side conversations or making faces across the room. (can’t believe I even have to write this) • Blatant rudeness/ to teacher or other students. (I will decide what is blatant) • Inciting misbehaviors of other students (commonly referred to as stirring the pot) • Cell phone use of any kind without permission. • Unexcused absences.

3. Between the Wars

4. All for naught

5. Pattern of 20th Century Emerging Nations • Countries that were colonized were released at some point. • The imperialist countries worked to install pro-Western governments who they could control. • Exploit natural resources • Keep Markets for their manufactured goods secure • Cold War politics • These governments were mostly run mostly by dictators or Kings, enforced by military (used against own citizens.)

6. Institutions Matter: countries that have succeeded over the long run • Democratic: more vested interest for politicians: incentives • Rule of Law: laws stay, leaders come and go. • Belief in private ownership of property. Incentives • Meritocracies not Aristocracies: upward mobility: Incentives count! • Civilian Control of Military (military to defend from outside, not control inside). • Lack of corruption in execution of laws and workings of the economy. • Government acts to benefit business. • Egalitarian view toward literacy and education • But are they necessary?

7. Institutions increase efficiencies in Economies • Are these necessary for efficient economy? • Freedom of Press • Tolerance of religion • Rights of minorities, protections from majority • What about China? Hitler’s Germany, Japan, South Korea • Where dictators and Kings rule, can these institutions work?

8. Also: Free Market Capitalism where resources are rationed by Price • All resources are limited: scarcity (supply) • All resources have utility (creates demand) • Price is a function of the interaction of supply and demand. • How are scarce resources rationed? • Total free market: money, who’s got it. • Socialist: some parts are controlled by state • Communist: all controlled by state • Oligarchy: by Wealthy families and Dictator/Kings

9. What’s the fairest why to ratio scarcity? Which produces the most efficient economy? • Need • Lottery • Price: Earned through labor/innovation • Rotate the distribution • Rich get richer

10. Examples of those places with limited Markets, corrupt institutions, historically • Central America • All Sub-Saharan Africa (South Africa?) • China • South Korea, temporarily. • Vietnam • All Eastern Europe • All South America • All North Africa and Middle East, Except Israel • Burma • Mexico

11. Notable Exceptions of Freed colonies who didn’t go that route • United States • Canada • Australia • India • Ireland (Republic and North)

12. Boer War/Spanish American War • Beginning of use Asymmetrical warfare, as a tactic against more powerful nations. • Attacks on civilian populations and use of concentration camps to separate guerillas from their base of support. Repeated pattern.

13. Spanish American War: 1898 • Manifest Destiny • Had been eyeballing Cuba for a while • Already taken Florida 1819 from Spanish. • Taken Texas, Southwest from Mexico. • Trumped up war by “Yellow Journalists” • Easy win

14. Cuba • Had been causing Spain problems for a while • Basically Cuba had • Sugar • Tobacco • Coffee • Commerce

15. Cuba • Creoles; people of Spanish Descent • Africans who were enslaved for sugar plantations in one of the most brutal enslavement in history. • People of mixed racial background • Unlike the U.S. Slaves were allowed to keep the money they made of the plantation and many of the bought their freedom.

16. Spanish American War • Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines went to U.S. • Cuba lease on Guantanamo in 1903 in exchange for independence, in perpetuity.

18. Philippines' War • After we won it from Spain, Dewy rolled in only to find warships of Britain, Germany, France and Japan, waiting to see what they could get. • Philippines' had been in revolt for 20 years from Spain, U.S. sided with revolutionaries until Spain surrendered.

20. U.S. Philippines' War • From 1899 to 1902, we fought a brutal war against the Filipinos. • U.S. used concentration camps, segregating the population from the “guerrillas” (same tactics used by British against Boers) • New Tactics against asymmetrical warfare

21. U.S. puts down independence movement: 1902

24. Casualties • 34000 Filipino Soldiers, as many as 200,000 civilians from Disease • Around 3000 American troops died (1 tenth of Spanish American War) • Anti imperialism movement started in the U.S.

25. Central America

26. South America

27. Central America

28. Monroe Doctrine 1823 • Europe these are ours’. • Central America had been turned into a series of hacienda estates by the Spanish, taking land from indigenous subsistence farmers and turned into single crop economies. • Of course the natives could work on the plantations for wages….easier to control that way.

29. Main Crops • Bananas, Coffee, Indigo. • Bananas were the staple crop of Nicaragua, controlled by United Fruit. • The Government was controlled by the landowners and the “national guards” controlled the peasants. • United fruit controlled them all. The title “Banana Republic” came from O Henry.

30. U.S. in Nicaragua. • The President of Nicaragua, Zelaya was going to build a competitive canal there, favoring the Japanese and Germans. • Mad that we had chosen Panama.

31. The Marines were sent in to support a Zelaya uprising and he was forced from office 1903. • Replaced by U.S. backed candidate • From 1912 to 1933 we kept troops there as a gentle reminder to have a conservative government that supported our economic interest.

32. Somozas (Garcia) • From 1933 until 1980 the Somoza family supported by the U.S. remained in power. • Protected by National Guard, who kept the peasants in line. National Guard trained and run by U.S. until mid-20s. • Somoza, his families and friends, and of course United Fruit reaped the benefits.

33. Guatemala, Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras • This was a pattern in Central America, with United Fruit and other U.S. corporations installing and protecting a series of dictators who maintain control of the population with the use of the military. • We called in “dollar diplomacy” but that ignores the repressive methods used by the dictators.

34. El Salvador • Their cash crop was coffee.

37. Britain Takes Cape Town • During Napoleonic Wars from Dutch • Creates and 1st, 2nd and 3rd class citizenry: English, Dutch, African, respectively • Active encouragement of English emigration • Later in 19th Century Expends Northward and to the East: Rhodesia. • Fights and wins war with Zulus in defense of Boers, takes their colonies in 2 Boer Wars

38. Britain shows Cracks • Boer War and Concentration camps

39. Boer Wars 1880-1900 • Transvaal (Boers) and Orange Free State taken by British. • Caused tremendous damage to British army and prestige. • A flattening world: Press broadcasted images worldwide.

40. Zulu-Anglo War 1879

42. Zulu King:

43. Britain as Vulnerable • British Army struggle to put down a uprising of farmers. • Cost them a lot of money • Showed that a dedicated group, picking at the edges of a great power could have a positive effect. • Encouraged Germany to push the British as World War I approached.

44. Japan Defeats Russians in 1905 • In 1910: Annexes Korea into the Japanese Empire. • Attempted to eliminate Korean culture and to Japanese ize the Korean people. • Korean were second class citizens in their own country. • Marks Japan’s ascendency into World imperialism.

45. World War I Marked the beginning: • Of the end of European Imperialism • Beginning of the American century • Rise of Socialism/Communism as an economic/political force. • Shift from colonialism to economic imperialism as a way to control world’s resources and markets. • Support of dictators in emerging nations. • Securing resources for industry and as food supplies • Control of markets and development.

46. World War I Marked the beginning • Mandate system: Created by the League of Nations for colonialists to remain in control of colonial possessions, but called for an orderly release of former colonies.

47. The World at WWI

49. After the Capitualtions