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Chapter: Cell Processes

Table of Contents. Chapter: Cell Processes. Section 1: Chemistry of Life. Section 2: Moving Cellular Materials. Section 3: Energy for Life. Chemistry of Life. 1. The Nature of Matter. Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space. Energy - anything that brings about change.

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Chapter: Cell Processes

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  1. Table of Contents Chapter: Cell Processes Section 1: Chemistry of Life Section 2: Moving Cellular Materials Section 3: Energy for Life

  2. Chemistry of Life 1 The Nature of Matter • Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space. • Energy - anything that brings about change.

  3. Chemistry in Life 1 Atoms • Nucleus - center of atom • contains protons and neutrons (equal mass) • Proton (+) • Neutron ( ) • Electron (-) • orbits nucleus Click image to view movie.

  4. Chemistry in Life 1 Atoms • Electrons - involved in chemical reactions. • Atom - mostly empty space

  5. Chemistry in Life 1 Elements • Element • made of one kind of atom • in most simple form • each has a 1 or 2 letter symbol

  6. Chemistry in Life 1 Elements • Periodic table • Mass • # of Protons • Symbol

  7. Chemistry in Life 1 Elements

  8. Chemistry in Life 1 Compounds and Molecules • Compounds - made of two or more elements • There are two types of compounds— molecular compounds and ionic compounds.

  9. Chemistry in Life 1 Molecular Compounds • Molecular compound • Made of molecules held together by chemical bonds • Share outermost electrons • Have different properties than atoms alone

  10. Chemistry in Life 1 Molecular Compounds • Chemical reactions • chemical bonds break • atoms rearranged • new molecules form

  11. Chemistry in Life 1 Ions • Ions • Electrically charged atoms • Formed when atoms combine after becoming (+) or (-)

  12. Chemistry in Life 1 Ionic Compounds • Ionic Compound – molecule held together because of opposite charges attracting one another • One atom loses electron(s) • Another atom gains electron(s) • Their charge holds them together

  13. Chemistry in Life 1 Mixtures • Mixture - combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own properties • Can be solids, liquids, gases, or any combination

  14. Chemistry in Life 1 Mixtures • Solution - 2 or more substances mixed evenly • Suspension • substance evenly spread throughout • Will sink to bottom after time

  15. Chemistry in Life 1 Organic Compounds • Organic Compounds • always contain carbon and hydrogen • usually are associated with living things. • Inorganic Compounds • make up nonliving things

  16. Chemistry in Life 1 Organic Compounds

  17. Chemistry in Life 1 Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates • organic molecules that supply energy for cell processes • Sugars and starches • Also part of cell structures

  18. Chemistry in Life 1 Lipids • Lipids • do not mix with water • Fats and oils • Large amounts of energy • Part of cell membrane

  19. Chemistry in Life 1 Proteins • Proteins • made of amino acids • building blocks of cellular structure • Enzymes • Proteins that regulate chemical reactions

  20. Chemistry in Life 1 Nucleic Acids • DNA • deoxyribonucleic acid • contains genetic material • RNA • ribonucleic acid • needed to make enzymes and proteins.

  21. Chemistry in Life 1 Inorganic Compounds • Can contain the elements nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

  22. Chemistry in Life 1 Importance of Water • can live for weeks without food • only a few days without water.

  23. Chemistry in Life 1 Importance of Water • all the chemical reactions in living things take place in water solutions • most organisms use water to transport materials

  24. Chemistry in Life 1 Characteristics of Water • Negative part of a water molecule is attracted to the positive part of another water molecule

  25. Chemistry in Life 1 Characteristics of Water • temperature of water changes slowly • acts like insulation

  26. Chemistry in Life 1 Characteristics of Water • water freezes - ice crystals form • Ice floats – insulates water below

  27. Section Check 1 Question 1 _______ is anything that has mass and takes up space. Answer The answer is Matter. Everything in your environment is made of matter.

  28. Section Check 1 Question 2 A(n) _______ is made up of only one kind of atom. Answer The answer is element. An element can’t be broken down into a simpler form by chemical reactions.

  29. Section Check 1 Question 3 Which best describes the structure in this illustration? A. atom B. element C. molecular compound D. ionic compound

  30. Section Check 1 Answer The answer is C. Molecular compounds form when different atoms share their outermost electrons.

  31. Moving Cellular Materials 2 Passive Transport • Cell’s membrane - selectively permeable • allows some things to enter or leave and keeps other things in or out

  32. Moving Cellular Materials 2 Passive Transport • Passive transport - movement of substances through the cell membrane without the use of energy • 3 Types • Diffusion • Osmosis • Facilitated diffusion

  33. Moving Cellular Materials 2 Diffusion • Diffusion - movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration • Equilibrium – when molecules become concentrated equally in all areas

  34. Moving Cellular Materials 2 Osmosis—The Diffusion of Water • Osmosis - the diffusion of water through a cell membrane is called.

  35. Moving Cellular Materials 2 Facilitated Diffusion • The movement of large molecules through a membrane with the help of transport proteins

  36. Moving Cellular Materials 2 Active Transport • Active transport - energy is needed to move materials through a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

  37. Moving Cellular Materials 2 Endocytosis and Exocytosis • Endocytosis - process of taking substances into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane

  38. Moving Cellular Materials 2 Endocytosis and Exocytosis • Exocytosis - process of taking substances OUT of a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane

  39. Section Check 2 Question 1 What is diffusion? Answer Diffusion is the type of passive transport in which molecules in a more dense area randomly move to an area that is less dense until equilibrium is reached.

  40. Section Check 2 Question 2 _______ is the diffusion of water through a cell membrane. Answer The answer is osmosis. Cells contain water and are surrounded by water. These water molecules move by diffusion into and out of cells.

  41. Section Check 2 Question 3 Which carries oxygen throughout your body? A. red blood cells B. white blood cells C. sex cells D. none of the above

  42. Section Check 2 Answer The answer is A. Oxygen molecules from the lungs diffuse into red blood cells which carry oxygen throughout your body.

  43. Energy for Life 3 Trapping and Using Energy • Metabolism - The total of all chemical reactions in an organism is called.

  44. Energy for Life 3 Trapping and Using Energy • Enzymes • Cause chemical reactions • Can be used over and over Click image to view movie.

  45. Energy for Life 3 Photosynthesis • Producers - Organisms that make their own • Consumers - Organisms that cannot make their own food

  46. Energy for Life 3 Photosynthesis • Photosynthesisuses light energy to make sugars (chemical energy), which can be used as food. • Chlorophyll – green pigment found in chloroplasts that performs photosynthesis

  47. Energy for Life 3

  48. Energy for Life 3 Storing Carbohydrates • Excess sugar made is stored as starches or other carbohydrates

  49. Energy for Life 3 Respiration • Cellular respiration – changes chemical energy into useable energy • Movement, heat, etc. • Requires oxygen

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