Acclimatization effects on final rectal temperature, heart rate, and sweat rate, for a group of men exposed daily to 2

1. Fall 05 skip acclimitization Acclimatization effects on final rectal temperature, heart rate, and sweat rate, for a group of men exposed daily to 2 hr of hard work in a hot environment. (after Leithead CS, Lind AR. Heat Stress and Heat Disorders. 1964. Philadelphia, Pa.: FA Davis Co, 304.

2. EMILI GARCÍA-BERTHOU Ontogenetic Diet Shifts and Interrupted Piscivory in Introduced Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Internat. Rev. Hydrobiol. 87 2002 4 353–363 acclimitization Fall 05 skip

3. acclimitization Fall 05 skip

4. acclimitization Fall 05 skip

5. Fall 05 skip acclimitization

6. Fall 2005 Life Table

7. Fall 05 Start Notes on Evolution,Natural Selection, and Speciation

8. One picture of evolution What is going on before a split? How did the splits occur? What is speciation?

9. Mainland Types of evolution ↑NA migration • Macro • Micro • Gene flow (E and I) • In isolated populations • Migrating indivs. start breeding • Immigrants can add new alleles • Not necessarily random • Genetic Drift • Random mating in small populations • Causes relative success of only a fraction of individuals • Population bottlenecks (large population) • Founder effects (small population) ↓NA

10. Natural Selection • Differential contribution of offspring to next generation by individuals in a population • Not Random

11. Recall: Normal curve of phenotypic variation Height of students in class

12. Another way to look at it… • Directional Selection Fitness Trait Trait Negative Directional Selection Positive Directional Selection

13. Peppered Moth – Biston betularia

14. Stabilizing selection Fitness average trait value

15. Egg laying wasp that eventually kills the cactus

16. Malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia SSA caused by mutation in the past…

17. Disruptive Selection Fitness average trait value

18. Black-bellied seed cracker (Pyrenestes ostrinus)

19. Smith, T. B. 1990. Evolution. 44(4):832 • Black-bellied seed crackers (Pyrenestes) in Cameroon

21. skip Same birds different studyOpen portion of bar – Number hatchedBlack portion of bar – Number survived

22. skip Two more types of selection • Correlational – working on combinations of traits at once. (body size) (Wing length)

23. Frequency Dependent Selection – Level of selection dependent upon most common phenotype (at the time) Genyochromis Scale eater

24. Scalebiters – frequency dependent selection Right “mouthedness” Left “mouthedness”

25. Frequency of left “mouthedness” Frequency of right “mouthedness” Time

26. Selection can lead to speciation • Speciation: • Splitting of one species into two or more species (cladistic or punctuated). • Transformation of one species into a new species over time (gradual or anagenic).

27. B TIME A PHENOTYPIC VARIATION Anagenetic (gradual) versus Cladistic (punctuated) Speciation B A TIME A PHENOTYPIC VARIATION

28. Species • Many, many definitions • Biological species definition: A group of actually or potentially breeding individuals which are reproductively isolated from all other groups. • Doesn’t work in all situations • Fossils • Asexual organisms

29. Isolating mechanisms • Prezygotic – • Postzygotic -

31. Prezygotic I.M.s • Habitat isolation • Dendroica warblers in Eastern US

34. Modes of speciation • Allopatric – allo = different, patri = fatherland • Sympatric – sym = together • Has to do with location or habitat

35. Allopatric Speciation

36. Speciation occurs with reproductive isolation

37. Grand Canyon Kaibab Squirrel Abert’s Squirrel

39. Sympatric speciation • Rare • Polyploidy in plants • Hybrids

40. Evolution &Speciation of Primates including Homo

41. Divisions of Primates • Prosimians (“before ape”) • Lemurs • Tarsiers • Lorises • Galagos

42. Lemurs sifaka

43. Tarsier

44. Lorises and Galagos

45. Slow-loris galago

46. New World Monkeys

47. Old World Monkeys • Baboons • Macaques

49. Asian apes • Gibbons

50. African Apes • Chimps • Gorillas • Hominids • etc… bonobo