The Federalist Period

1. The Federalist Period 1788-1815 Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison

2. Terms—Can you identify these? • Land Ordinance of 1785 • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Township • Vermont • “Demigods” • New Jersey Plan • Virginia Plan • The Great Compromise • Electoral College • The Three-Fifths Compromise • Federalists • Anti-Federalists • The Great Debate • Four “Laggard” States • The Federalist Papers • Washington’s Chair

3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Land Issues Land Ordinance of 1785 • Greatest accomplishment of The Articles of Confederation • Provided for orderly creation of territorial governments and new states (Ohio was first from NW territory) • Land sold would pay public debt • Supported public education • Established townships (6 X 6) • 60,000 inhabitants could lead to statehood • Excluded slavery north of the Ohio River • Gave new states same status as the original thirteen • Public education required religious indoctrination

4. Review Terms • Republicanism—government is based upon the consent of the people voiced through elected officials • Separation of Powers—Hamilton wrote, “There is no liberty if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers.” • Checks and balances—the president has the power to veto a bill passed by Congress but Congress has the power to override the president’s veto • Anti-Federalists—against a powerful president, heavy taxes, standing army, weak state governments, and feared for the rights of the individual

5. I. Rise of Political Parties Federalists Democratic-Republicans Jefferson’s philosophy and followers • Hamilton’s philosophy and followers • How did Washington view parties?

9. II. Washington—two terms • Judiciary Act of 1789—established court system—John Jay named chief justice of The Supreme Court • Bill of Rights • Washington’s inauguration and precedents (John Adams was vp) D. Capital—NYC—Pierre L’Enfant hired to design Fed. City (Banneker assisted)

10. E. First Cabinet Secretary of State—Jefferson Secretary of Treasury—Hamilton Secretary of War—Henry Knox Attorney General—Edmund Randolph

12. III. Hamilton’s Financial Program • Debts: $12 million owed to other nations, $44 mill to Ams., $25 mill to states B. Goal: establish credibility—Bonds issued; Scrip issued (pay certificates) C. State debts paid (Capital Compromise)

13. National Bank Established with 20 year charter and public stock—opposition led by Jefferson • Coinage System in The U.S. Mint F. Excise Tax issued—led to Whiskey Rebellion (put down by GW)

14. Whiskey Rebellion

15. Protective tariff proposed to help American Industry--rejected • Effects of Hamilton’s policies included stimulation of American business and credibility

16. Tariffs • A tariff is a tax placed on goods being imported into a country from another nation. Tariffs have existed for hundreds of years, and most nations still use them today. The U.S. established its first tariff I 1789 in order to raise money fro the government to operate. The tariff system worked. In 1800, for example, tariffs raised 83% of the government’s total revenue.

17. Tariffs have another purpose: they can protect a nation’s own industries from too much foreign competition. A tariff raises the price of imported goods that might ordinarily be cheaper. When that happens, however, consumers end of up paying the higher prices.

18. Effects of High and Low Tariffs

19. Which type of tariff would earn more money for the government? • Which type of tariff would create higher prices for consumers? • Which type of tariff would lower business profits? • Who would favor higher tariffs? Lower tariffs?

20. During the Federalist Era, the value of American exports was never greater than the value of imports in any single year. Based on this evidence, would you expect later government officials to raise or lower American tariffs? Why? • Are current tariffs high or low?

22. IV. Foreign Policy • The French Revolution—rebellion of lower classes led to mob rule and the murder of many—American policy was neutrality • Expulsion of Genet • Haitian Slave Rebellion led by Toussaint L’Ouverture prompted fears of U.S. slave revolts

23. Treaties D. Jay’s Treaty—U.S. and GB—England would leave the Ohio Valley; allowed Americans to trade in West Indies; discussed impressment of American sailors E. Pinckney’s Treaty—U.S. and Spain—America was allowed to use the Miss. River (right of deposit) and store goods at New Orleans; Spain would respect American borders and not aid Indian uprisings

24. F. Washington’s Farewell Address Very important—Warned against: parties, military alliances, and foreign entanglements See Docs A, B, C

25. John Adams —View Part 5 • Describe Adams’ personality in three ways. • How did Abigail influence him? • How did Adams come into conflict with Jefferson? • How did Adams view the Vice-Presidency? • Name five problems of the new nation under Washington and Adams.

26. V. Election of John Adams—1796 (very ugly campaign against TJ who became VP) A. XYZ Affair—France (under Talleyrand) made demands about American loans and bribes • “Millions for defense; not one cent for tribute!” (JA) • France and U.S. fought an undeclared war on the seas for three years

27. B. Alien and Sedition Acts • Americans distrusted French immigrants • Rights suspended regarding citizenship • Deportation of many French

28. C. Opposition by TJ and Madison • Wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions—nullified the A and S Acts because they violated the Bill of Rights • nullify=to make null and void a federal law within a state • Could they do that? • Can states defy federal law today?

29. Federal City • Adams moved from Philadelphia to the swampy construction area of the new capital

30. D. Split of Federalist Party • “High”—Hamilton • “Low”—Adams • Adams was not re-elected • Last minute appointments—”Midnight Judges”

31. Terms for Ch. 11--Jeffersonianism 1. mudslinging 2. Sally Hemmings 3. “Revolution of 1800” 4. “Responsibilty breeds moderation” 5. Marbury v. Madison • “judge breaking” • Barbary Wars • Right of deposit • Louisiana Purchase • Meriwether Lewis • William Clark • Sacajawea • “Great White Chief” • Aaron Burr • Embargo Act • James Madison • “War Hawks” • Tecumseh • Tippecanoe

32. VI. “Revolution of 1800” (Election of T. Jefferson) • Deadlock in House of Representatives between Jefferson and Burr  Burr became VP  12th Amendment followed • The Common Touch—his inauguration, manner, life at Monticello • Architect, linguist, botanist, philosopher, inventor, musician, diplomat, … family man?

34. VII. Jefferson Administration • Supreme Court Case: Marbury v. Madison—established judicial review—chief justice was John Marshall • Louisiana Purchase, 1803—original plan, negotiations with Napoleon, $15 million, constitutional issue C. Lewis and Clark Expedition (with Sacajawea)

36. Louisiana Purchase APUSH Details • Jefferson sent men to France to buy New Orleans only for $10 million • Napoleon was nervous about uprising of natives in Haiti and needed money to fight war against England • Jefferson’s philosophy as a strict constructionist did not allow him to buy it—but he was pragmatic and did what was best for the country • He envisioned an agrarian America—the heartland • Greatest deal in history—over 800,000 square miles for $15 million (4 cents an acre) • Final cost of New Orleans? About $7!

37. The control of the Mississippi River was the most important geographical advantage • The Missouri River provided a significant travel route westward • Note: explorers had long searched for an all-water route from the East to the West coast of North America. The Lewis and Clark expedition proved that there was no all-water route westward • Spain could have challenged the purchase

41. More TJ… • VP Burr killed Hamilton in a duel • Barbary Wars against N. African Pirates • Embargo Act—no trade with warring countries (England and France)—disaster

42. Duel

45. Jefferson Memorial • Built in 1930s under FDR • 19 foot statue added in 1940s • Supposed to embody the ideas of The Enlightenment • Modeled on the Pantheon in Rome

46. VIII. Key Tenets of Jeffersonian Democracy (APUSH) • “End of Federalist Decade”—Revolution of 1800 B. Yeoman farmer exemplifies virtue and independence from the corrupting influences of cities, bankers, financiers, and industrialists C. The federal government must not violate the rights of the states-- “states rights” exemplified by the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions D. Freedom of speech and press are essential rights since governments must be closely watched. The Alien and Sedition Acts violated this principle

47. E. “Republican Virtues” • Activities and powers of federal government should be reduced • “Responsibility breeds moderation”

48. F. Women • Cult of Domesticity refers to the idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers • “Republican Motherhood”—women were responsible for rearing their children to be good citizens, emphasizing family and religious values, strong moral character and sound political ideas • Middle class Americans viewed the home as a refuge from the world rather than a productive economic unit • (Later the educator, Catharine Beecher, wrote about this)

49. Documents Activity A B Read Alien and Sedition Acts Explain the answer to #1 Explain the answer to #3 Explain long term effects Read Jefferson’s quote at the bottom and explain it to A • Read Alien and Sedition Acts—p. 1 • Summarize with 3 points • Explain the answer to #2 • Explain short term effects • Explain #5

50. Read/Scan Jefferson’s Speech A B Would you vote for TJ in 2012? Explain why or why not. • Would you vote for TJ in 1800? Explain why or why not.