Challenges of the Federalist Era: From Washington to Adams

1. The Federalist Era

2. SWBAT • Describe the Internal and External troubles of the Federalist era (both George Washington’s and John Adams’s administrations). • Contrast • Hamilton’s “Federalist” Party with • Jefferson’s “Democratic-Republican” Party. • Explain two suggestions GW gave upon his leaving office. Do we follow them today? • Explain the “Alien and Sedition Acts”: • Why they were created • Who opposed them

3. GW takes Charge I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.--Presidential oath of office, Article II, Section 1, United States Constitution • April 30,1789 First Presidential swearing-in (Inauguration) • To Do List: • Create Bureaucracy: a system to carry out laws • Create Judicial System • Raise money (TAXES!) to run federal gov’t. • Create Precedents (routines other presidents will follow)

4. Bill of Rights • By September 1789 twelve amendments to the Constitution were submitted to the states. • It took until 1791 for the ten amendments to be passed becoming the Bill of Rights. • Main purpose of the Bill of Rights was to protect people (individuals) from the government. • How does it do that?

5. Bill of Rights – The real short version 1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. 2. Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well-regulated militia. 3. No quartering of soldiers. 4. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. 5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy. 6. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial. 7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases. 8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments. 9. Other rights of the people – Just because it’s not in the constitution doesn’t mean it’s not a right. 10. Powers reserved to the states – states have powers, but cannot act like an individual country.

6. Federal versus States Powers

7. Judicial System • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Established the Supreme Court • Chief Justice and five associate judges • Sixteen lower federal courts • Also Attorney General, Prosecuting Attorneys & Federal Marshalls The very first Supreme Court Justice, John Jay,

8. Executive Branch • Three most important Departments, each headed by a Secretary: • Department of State – Foreign Affairs – Thomas Jefferson • Department of War – Military matters – Henry Knox • Depart of the Treasury – Financial Problems – Alexander Hamilton • Originally thought to be individual advisors, came to be a counsel of advisors, including the Attorney General, called the Cabinet.

9. Hamilton’s Policies • Founding Father most credited with establishing our economic / tax systems • Pay off foreign debt ($80 million!) from the Revolutionary War • “Funding” Buy up old Rev. bonds & issue new bond (bond = money raised to pay for a large purpose – debt, buildings, roads, etc.) • Most Bonds were not with the original purchasers – bonds can be sold bought and traded • Had been sold at low value to speculators • Ham’s plan would benefit the speculators • Assume all State debts – put them all together • Establish a National Bank to manage nation’s finances

10. Whiskey Tax • Levied specifically against Western PA • Corn was too bulky to transport, so to make money and lower transportation costs it was converted to whiskey • Western PA Refused to pay taxes on the whiskey – state of war! • Washington wanted to assert Federal power, so… (establish state of political power!) • Gathered 15,000 militia, George W. & Hamilton led the troops themselves in full dress • Rebellion scattered, Federal power was asserted – you must follow the laws or be punished

11. Indian Relations • North West territory claims were made by colonists • Indians had not been represented at Treaty of Paris 1783 (at the ending of the Rev War) • Great Britain gave land W of Apps, E of Mississippi to U.S., Indians lived there but were recognized as a group with interests

12. Indian Relations • Battles in 1790, 1792 won by Indians • In 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers won by “Mad” Anthony Wayne

13. Foreign Relations – Great Britain • Britain maintained forts on the borders and supplied Native Americans with weapons • However, trade relations continued and Britain invited American Ambassadors into Great Britain • Britain and France go to war in 1793 and we sign a treaty with Great Britain to maintain peaceful relations – Jay’s Treaty: this angers many Americans including Thomas Jefferson who felt we should side with France

14. Foreign Relations - France • We owe them lots of money • French Revolution was happening in France at this time • Initially it was popular and supported by the U.S., especially by Jefferson • But, as anarchy & blood reigned, opinion shifted • French declared war on Great Britain in 1793, American opinion was divided between France and Great Britain

15. Foreign Relations / Policy • George Washington’s policy was to stay Neutral (not help either side) – Laissez-faire • America had problems with both England and France • We had a “Quasi War” with France – France’s naval vessels would attack our trade ships

16. Difficulties of the1st Administration • Pass Bill of Rights to guarantee personal rights • Establish Federal Court system to run the Judicial branch of Government • Select Executive Advisors, the Cabinet • Fund the new government through taxes and make sure people paid these taxes • Foreign relations: problems with… • Indians (fought over territory) • France and England (affected trade)

17. Foreign Affairs • The French Revolution caused what in the US? • The Fr & Br reactions to GWs declaration were: • Issues w/Indians were settled by –

18. Origins of the Two Party System • Two parties developed around the leadership and opinions of • Thomas Jefferson, Republican-Democrats • Alexander Hamilton, Federalists

19. ? ? Origins of the Two Party System • Divide class in half. • One half will look at Hamilton and his policies. • One half will look at Jefferson and his policies. • The two halves of the class will help each other learn the about their person.

20. George Washington’sFarewell Address • Handout, abridged address & questions

21. What event is approaching? • What is GW announcing? • What “Name . . . Belongs to you in your national capacity”? • Which term best describes the problem of #4,: • Geographical Regionalism • Ethnic racisim • Religious bigotry

22. George Washington’sFarewell Address • Summarize advice. • Do we follow it today? • Write a 5 paragraph PSSA essay answering: “Referring to GW’s Farewell Address, discuss three pieces of his advice considering 21st century affairs.”

23. John Adams’ Administration • Election of 1796 very close • Northern Federalist - 70 electors • Southern Republicans - 68 electors • Outcome: Adams is President (Federalist) • Jefferson Vice-President (Republican – Democrat)

24. Bush Elections 2000 & 2004Red = Republican BushBlue = Democrat Gore/Kerry

25. John Adams’ Foreign Affairs • War? With France? • France was outraged over Jay Treaty w/Britain • France began seizing Am ships, “Quasi War” • Federalists wanted War • Republicans were generally considered “Francophiles”, they liked the French • Adams sent negotiators to France • Informed Adams a bribe was demanded • Adams kept it secret to NOT enflame war fever • Reps thinking he wanted war and was keeping the “peace offer” secret demanded release of letter. • Letter released Fr listed as X, Y, Z (XYZ Affair) • “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!” • Much War fever, but no actual outbreak • Adams followed Washington's precedent of Neutrality

26. John Adams’ Domestic Affairs • Loudest Critics of Adams/Federalists were foreign born Republicans • Dissent (speaking out against authority) was viewed by Federalists as unpatriotic • In Congress they created Alien & Sedition Acts • Republican response • VA & KY Acts • Said that states could write laws within their own borders. John Adams is a Jerk!

27. Election of 1800, War of Words • *Adams was not being Federalist enough, and lost votes in the North • *Final Electoral Tally • Thomas Jefferson – 73 • Aaron Burr – 73 • JA – 65 • *Hamilton hated Aaron Burr more (personal issues) than TJ, so he supported TJ

28. Alien and Sedition Acts • Describe who favored the Alien and Sedition Acts, and why. • Describe who opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and why.

29. JA & the Federalist’s Last Word • The outgoing Adams’ administration and Federalist’s Congress increased the number of federal judges and all of those appointed were Federalists. • The courts consistently interpreted laws as Federalists for next couple of decades. • Most famous case: Marbury v. Madison which established Judicial Review – allowed the Supreme Court to nullify (cancel) laws that were determined unconstitutional – this is the courts biggest check on presidential and congressional power.