Lecture : “ Memory. Sleep. Kinds of HNA. Emotions”

1. Lecture: “Memory. Sleep. Kinds of HNA. Emotions” Vinnitsia - 2013

2. Memory is ability of CNS to accept the information, to fix it, to keep it and reproduce without changes Kinds of memory: Depending on the time of keeping information 1. Sensory memory (parts of seconds) 2. Short term (primary) memory (sec. to min.) working (operative memory) 3. Long term memory: secondary, tertiary Secondary (hours to years) Tertiary (life time)

3. Mechanisms of short term memory 1. Reverberating circuit theory of short term memory ( Papetz’s circle, local areas of cortex, between cortex and thalamus) 2. Post-tetanic potentiation theory 3. DC (decreased cells) Potential theory

4. Mechanisms of long term memory Consolidation of information Engram (memory trace) formation 1. Anatomical changes in the synapses 2. Physical and chemical changes in the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes 3. Functions of RNA and DNA in memory Structures of the brain: Hippocampus Brain cortex Amnesia

5. Sleep Duration of sleep • Types of sleep: 1. Periodic diurnal 2. Periodic seasonal 3. Narcotic 4. Hypnotic 5. Pathological (lethargic)

6. Diurnal sleep: orthodoxical (slow), paradoxical(rapid) Orthodoxical sleep: slow waves (∆ rhythm), 40-50 min, decreased activity of visceral functions; anabolic processes dominate. Main mediator is serotonine (from raph. Nucl.) Paradoxical sleep: rapid waves (β rhythm), 10 min., oscillations of eyeballs, activation of vegetative functions. Main mediator is NA (from blue spot).

7. Stages of Sleep

8. Theories of Sleep 1. Theory of hypnotoxins 2. Sleep as inhibition in the cortex (by Pavlov). 3. Theory of centers of sleep (Megun, Morucci, Anokhin) Synchronize structures (c. Sleep) anterior hypothalamus, descending R.F., medial thalamus, raphe nuclei. Desynchronize structures ascending R.F., limbic system, dark blue spot of brain stem.

9. Types of HNA by Pavlov • Intensity of excitation and inhibition • Balance of excitation and inhibition • Mobility of nervous processes

10. Main types of HNA • 1. Strong, unbalanced, mobile Excitation predominate (choleric after Hippocrates) • 2. Strong, well-balanced, mobile “lively”, active type (sanguine after Hippocrates) • 3. Strong, well balanced, low mobility “calm” or inert type (phlegmatic after Hippocrates • 4. Weak, unbalanced, low mobility “weak type” (melancholic after Hippocrates)

11. First and Second signalling Systems First signalling system – unconditioned and conditioned reflexes ( common for animals and human) Second signalling system based on verbal signals – speech. The word is a “signal of signals” Develops after 6 month from the birth

12. Functions of limbic system • Limbic sysytem: cingulate gyrus, hippocampal gyrus, hyppocampus, dentate gyrus, fornix, mamillar bodies, amygdala and hypothalamus. Functions: Control of vegetative functions, organization of memory and emotions Centers of behavioral reactions: lateral HPT – c. of hungry, ventro-medial HPT – c. of satiation, caudal HPT – c. of aggression, anterio-ventral HPT – c. of sex behavior.

13. Functional asymmetry of large hemispheres Left hemisphere – for understanding and realization of speech, for abstract thinking, logical thinking, mathematical abilities, for optimistic mood Right hemisphere – for emotions, art abilities, direct thinking, pessimistic mood.

14. Emotions • Components of emotions: 1. Subjective component (feelings) 2. Motor component (mimic, gesticulation, posture) 3. Vegetative component (changes of cardiac rhythm (RCC), arterial pressure (AP), change of breathing, sweating, colour of face).

15. Information theory of emotions by Simonov • I-Information, E-energy, T-time ET = f ∙ aim∙(In∙En∙Tn - Ip∙Ep∙Tp) ET – emotional tention, 4 stages of ET: 1. ETS – I (first stage) 2. ETS – II negative sthenic emotion 3. ETS – III negative asthenic emotion 4. ETS – IV pathological stage - neurosis

16. Thank You for Attention!