World War II Review

1. World War II Review

2. Review: Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI • The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]   • 1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war • 2. Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war.

3. Versailles cont. . • 3. Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force.   She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.  

4. Versailles • 4.Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

5. Introduction: • Most devastating war in human history • 55 million dead • 1 trillion dollars • Began in 1939 as strictly a European Conflict • Widened to include most of the world

6. How It Began (causes) 1. WWI leftovers • Germany defeated in and had to pay cost of war. In huge economic depression • Italy victorious but wanted more territory • Japan victorious but wanted China

7. 2. German Empire reduced size Germany was not happy with its reduction in size. It wanted its land back.

8. 3. U.S. Isolationism The United States only cared about themselves. -Isolationism: kept to themselves.

9. 4. European Depression: Economy was bad in Europe after World War 1. WWI killed a lot of workers and customers

10. Pearl HarborDec. 7, 1941

11. Declaration of War • Day after the attack at Pearl Harbor • President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan • Congress declared war that same day. • Italy and Germany, Japan’s allies, declared war on the U.S. three days later.

13. Problems for Japanese Americans • Some military leaders distrusted Japanese Americans • Were afraid they would help the “enemy” • Roosevelt ordered 110,000 Japanese Americans into “relocation camps” • Like prisons, fenced in with barbed wire • Soldiers guarded the camps with guns • Had to sell their homes, businesses, and belongings.

14. Attack on Pearl Harbor

15. December 7, 1941the early morning • The first attack occurred at 7:55 a.m. • The second attack followed at 8:54 a.m.

16. Casualties Japan • Less then 100 men • 29 planes • 5 midget submarines United States • 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178 wounded • 188 planes • 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, 4 other vessels)

17. Japanese American Internment Camps 10 Camps in operation from 1942-1646

18. Conditions at the Camps

19. Later on into the war, Americans realized that Japanese-Americans could be used as secret weapons Japanese speaking individuals translated captured Japanese documents and monitored radio traffic Japanese Men in WWII

20. Loss of Japanese culture and language negative feelings toward Americans Psychological anguish inmates had a 2.1 greater risk of cardiovascular disease alteration of attitudes low self- esteem sad and angry over the injustices pressure to assimilate Long Term Health Consequences

21. NAZI Party is Formed • Hitler began to think big for the German Worker’s Party • Began placing ads for meetings in anti-Semitic newspapers • Hitler changed the name to National Socialist German Workers’Party, or the NAZIS

22. Party Platform • Hitler drafted a platform of 25 points • Revoke Versailles Treaty (which said what?) • Revoke civil rights of Jews • Take any war profits Besides changing the party name, the red flag with the SWASTIKA was adopted as the party symbol

23. Appeal of Hitler • Germany was in the midst of an economic depression • Hitler was a WW I hero who talked about bringing glory back to the “Fatherland” • He promised that he would end any communist threat in Germany • Constantly blamed Jews for Germany’s problems, not the German people. • Hitler was an excellent public speaker.

24. Dictator • Dictator: Ruling with complete control • Enabling Act- In 1933, all parties were outlawed except the Nazi party • People’s civil rights were suspended One people, one rule, one leader

25. Absolute Power • German economy was improving, people were happy • Hitler had no political opposition • 1st concentration camp opened in 1933 • Began rearming German Army for expansion of the Reich (empire)

26. The Holocaust: Concentration Camps

27. Kristallnacht • Aka The night of broken glass • Pogrom-coordinated attack against Jews. • Carried out by SA stormtroopers and civilians. • German authorities looked on without interfering as the stormstroopers and civilians broke the windows and destroyed the businesses belonging to Jews. • The attacks left the streets covered with broken glass from the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues

28. Final Solution • Hitler put his Final Solution to get rid of all Jews into place • Final Solution: TO GET RID OF ALL OF THE JEWS • He started forcing them to relocate to ghettos • After Jews were placed in ghettos they were then relocated to concentration camps • A concentration camp is a place like a prison known for mistreatment, starvation, forced labor, and murder of its prisoners

29. How did the Nazi decide who was Jewish? • At the Wannsee conference it was decided that if one of person’s parents was Jewish, then they were Jewish. • In 1940, all Jews had to have their passports stamped with the letter ‘J’ and had to wear the yellow Star of David on their jacket or coat.

30. Types of Concentration Camps • Labor Camps • Prisoner of War Camps • Transit Camps • Extermination Camps

31. 1. Deception New arrivals at the Death camps were given postcards to send to their friends. 3. Starvation The Jews were told that they were going to ‘resettlement areas’ in the East. The Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto were only fed a 1000 calories a day (they need 2400). In some Ghettos the Jews had to purchase their own train tickets. 2. Terror What tactics did the Nazis use to get the Jews to leave the Ghettos? Tactics They were told to bring the tools of their trade and pots and pans. Hungry people are easier to control The SS publicly shot people for smuggling food or for any act of resistance

32. Travel to Concentration Camps • Travel to concentration camps happened in cattle cars with 50 to 150 people per car. No food or water was provided. A small barred window provided very little air. • An average train ride took about four and a half days. When the train got to the camps and the doors were opened, many people were already dead. The armed guards shot anyone trying to escape.

33. Entrance to Auschwitz Notice how it has been built to resemble a railway station

34. Selection • Once the cattle cars arrived at a camp, people went into selection • The old, the young, the sick were sent immediately to be killed, in the gas chambers. • The rest were to put to work, frequently in the worst conditions which included the burial of victims in mass graves. • When you were no longer a good worker you were sent to the gas chambers and killed • Families were separated from each other and many would never see each other again

35. The Gas Chambers • The Nazis would force large groups of prisoners into small cement rooms and drop canisters of poisonous gas through small holes in the roof. • These gas chambers were sometimes disguised as showers or bathing houses. The SS would try and pack up to 2000 people into this gas chamber

36. The Ovens • After being gassed, the bodies were sent to the furnaces to be cremated

37. If You Were Selected To Work • After their heads were shaved and their personal possessions removed, the prisoners were officially registered. Beginning in 1941, this registration consisted of a tattoo.

38. When did it end? • The Allies advanced from all sides, squeezing the German troops toward Berlin, the capital of Germany. • In the process, Allied troops were startled to find the evidence of Nazi atrocities – the camps. • The camps they found were often evacuated or destroyed, both to remove the prisoners, as well as to hide the evidence of wrongdoing. These evacuations were known as death marches.

39. What happened to people in concentration camps? • As the Allies closed in camps were abandoned or taken apart • People who were in the camps were forced to go on death marches in the middle of the winter • Thousands froze to death or died because of illness & starvation “Death March” by Ella Liebermann Shiber

40. Liberation • Liberation: the freeing of people who have been imprisoned • The Soviets were the first to discover the camps during the summer of 1944 • The rest of the world refused to believe the Soviet reports • They marched into Auschwitz on January 27, 1945 and freed the prisoners that still remained • From then on camps continued to be liberated by the Allies as they came across them

41. The Aftermath of Liberation • The troops were shocked and disgusted by everything they saw • Troops made German civilians march through the camps to see the horrific conditions and the murders that had been committed right under their noses. • German civilians were forced by the Ally troops to help give victims proper burials

42. The Nazis aimed to kill 11 million Jews at the Wannsee Conference in 1941 Today there are only 2000 Jews living in Poland. The Nazis managed to kill at least 6 million Jews. Not all Jews went quietly into the gas cambers. In 1943, the Warsaw Ghetto, like many others revolted against the Nazis when the Jews realised what was really happening. Was the Final Solution successful?

43. Children Search for Families Girls in children's centers were photographed in an attempt to help locate surviving relatives. Such photographs of both Jewish and non-Jewish children were published in newspapers to facilitate the reunification of families. Germany, after May 1945.

44. Nuremburg Trails • On October 18, 1945, twenty-two of Nazi Germany’s major leaders were brought to trial in Nuremberg • They were charged with crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. • The end result was that: • Twelve of the defendants were sentenced to death • three to life imprisonment, • four to imprisonment ranging from 10 to 20 years • three were acquitted

45. Assignment: You will be making flash cards to help yourself study for the exam. You will be working with one other person, and will be testing each other.