GEN 211_Lecture 5

1. GEN 211_Lecture 5 Human Rights: History and Theory

2. Outline • Recent History of Human Rights • Islamic Legislation • Categorization of “Human Rights”

3. Before ??? Modern “Human Rights” concepts are products of Renaissance philosophies After ???

4. http://www.mapsofwar.com/images/EMPIRE17.swf http://www.mapsofwar.com/images/EMPIRE17.swf

6. The Caliphate THE MIDDLE  EAST IN THE 20th CENTURY, TEXAS  INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES  http://texasstrategicstudies.org/Seminars/ME_in_20C_part_1.ppt.

7. World History (6th Century present ):one slide • Roman Empire • West, • East • Persian Empire • Islamic “Empires” • Righteous Caliphs • Umayyad • Abbasside • Ottoman • European Dominance Renaissance

8. Rise of Ottoman Empire:5 Centuries • 1453 Final capture of Constantinople by Muhamed II; ended the eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire • 1517 Ottoman Khilafa established. • Extensive expansion of the Ottoman Khelafa (Empire) by “Suleiman the Magnificent”. • 1924 Empire ended with WW I HU141_Lecture5

9. On the third day after the fall of our city, the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great, joyful triumph. He issued a proclamation: the citizens of all ages who had managed to escape detection were to leave their hiding places throughout the city and come out into the open, as they were remain free and no question would be asked. He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege, if they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. Reference: The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes 1401-1477. Translated by Marios Philippides. University of Massachusetts Press, 1980 Islamic Human Rights (Example)

10. As the Ottoman Empire was rising, Western Europe was engulfed by wars European wars of religion from 1524 to 1648

11. The Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 • The Thirty Years War consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars which raged through the years 1618-1648 throughout central Europe. • The Thirty Years War was also, at least in part, a religious war among Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinists. • The series of conflicts, military and political, which make up the Thirty Years War are highly complex.

12. Renaissance (14th – 17th Century) • The revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe 14th – 17th century marking the transition from the medieval to the modern age. • Wars • Revolt (Reform) against the Church and social order. • Humanism (Secularism): was perceived as the alternative. HU141_Lecture5

13. Secularism: What is? secularism  (ˈsɛkjʊləˌrɪzəm) — n 1. philosophy  a doctrine that rejects religion, esp in ethics 2. the attitude that religion should have no place in civil affairs HU141_Lecture5

14. Secular Social Order Secularism Communism Capitalism USSR Ended with Cold War Both promoted democracy

15. Early Developments As democratic systems emerged from European monarchies, civil and political rights began to be introduced: • English Declaration of the Rights of Man (1689) • U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776) • French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) • United States Constitution and Bill of Rights (1789)

16. Early Developments . . Continued • League of Nations (1919 – 1945) • International Labor Organization (1919 - ) • United Nations (1945 - )

17. The United Nations • Following World War I, the League of Nations was formed to bring an end to the destructive practice of multi-country wars. This body was not accorded sufficient support. • Within thirty years Europe, Japan & US were embroiled in WW2, whose battlefields spilled into North African and South Asian territories. • With the end of WW2, the nations were ready for a stronger international body. • Out of this was born the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml

18. 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml

19. “Human Rights” and the “Cold War” • During the Cold War, such debates were mainly between the Communist (East) and the Capitalist (West). • The West charged the Communist world with violating many basic rights of a civil and political character. • The Communist world charged the West with violations of the more important economic and social rights. • Today the universal-relative debate takes place primarily in a North-South framework between developed and developing countries. HU141_Lecture5

20. Categorization of Human Rights HU141_Lecture5

21. Categorization of Human Rights Human Rights are generally divided into three main categories: • Civil and political rights (First Generation); • Economic, social and cultural rights (Second Generation); and • Group or peoples’ rights (Third Generation). HU141_Lecture5

22. 1. Civil and political rights • Freedom of expression, freedom of peaceful assembly, freedom from torture, freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention, right to a fair trial, etc.) • Derive from the natural rights philosophy of John Locke, Rousseau and others. • They protect against encroachments of government. HU141_Lecture5

23. 2. Economic, Social Rights • Examples: • Right to work, • Right to education, • Right to health care. • Attained recognition in the twentieth century with the advent of socialism. • It is argued that achievement of economic and social rights was a pre-condition for other rights. • That is, until the economic and social rights were realized a State was not in a position to provide civil and political rights. HU141_Lecture5

24. 3. Group or Peoples’ Rights • The right to self determination and the right to development are two main examples. • Emerged as recently as the 1970s and have been supported by developing countries (in face of colonialism). • The focus is on collective as opposed to individual rights. HU141_Lecture5

25. Cultural Map of the World http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/article_base_54 HU141_Lecture5

26. Thanks HU141_Lecture5